撰写计划书范文英文推荐（通用11篇）
Today isthe new term, the lastbut the most important term of junior high has been on for more than seven days. It means that there are only about three months left for us to study.
We suddenly feel that time passes so fast. We still remember the first day we come to this famous middle school, but now, two anda half years has passed.
Have you ever looked back and thought, what you did and learnt in the two and a half years? And how much did you learn from teachers, books or in any other ways?To ask yourselves, have you ever wastedtime? If you say “never”, that’s very good.
But if you say “Yes, often,” it is so regretful. But everything has passed an yhow, we can’t get it back, so the only thing we cando is, to make better use of the time.
From now on, study hard. It’s not so late that everything can’t be changed yet. Everything is possible only if you try your best to do it.
Believe yourselves, “Every man has his price.” Maybe you are good at study, you are good at singing or you do well in drawing……
So I always believe myself no matter where, no matter when.
It’s very important, I think. Let’s try our best and put our heart into it. Wish you make good results in the last exam.
一、创业策划书
准备创业方案是一个展望项目的未来前景，细致探索其中的合理思路，确认实施项目所需的各种必要资源，再寻求所需支持的过程。
需要注意的是，并非任何创业方案都要完全包括上述大纲中的全部内容，创业内容不同，相互之间差异也就很大。
第一阶段：经验学习
第二阶段：创业构思
第三阶段：市场调研
第四阶段：方案起草
第五阶段：最后修饰阶段
第六阶段：检查
二、创业策划书模板
一、概要
咖啡屋也是必不可少的娱乐场所，在幽雅的气氛之中，喝着香浓浓的咖啡，体会着浪漫的大学生活，和同学们交流感情。大学生们常说一杯咖啡可以和反目成仇的人交个最好的朋友，也可以追到一个自己仰慕已久的女朋友。如果再在咖啡屋中放上各种书籍，组织成一间咖啡，相信效果更好。为了让大家有这样的一个地方。所以，咖啡孕育而生。
咖啡锁定的顾客主要有两类一是学校的学生，二是白领阶层。在校的学生光临原因主要有两个，一是文化上的需要，二是环境。学校里的校园固然是好，但是它的硬件设施条件是有限的不能满足大多数同学的需要。例如：到了冬天的话，在室外冰天雪地的怎么会受得了，室内的空间是有限的。是有限的。白领阶层，他们的收入高，但是他们所面临的竞争与压力也相应的大一些，他们急切需要一个舒适的休闲环境来缓解工作上的压力。有一项调查显示，21%的在校大学十喜欢光临，20~30岁之间的.上班族有46%的人喜欢到休闲。
二、产品和服务
我们是一个休闲的场所，主要目的是放松休闲所以我们的咖啡除了书以外，在食品上的要求是蛮简单的，像一些西式的甜点奶茶低酒精的饮品等。
我们的服务宗旨是：顾客是朋友，他是来休闲不是来消费的微笑式服务。
三、咖啡竞争分析
从竞争对手上看，我们的咖啡可是“危机四伏”。据我现在了解到的情况看目前昭通市内还没有一家专业的咖啡，所以这是我的一个巨大的潜力市场。但是类似的经营却很多，我大体的分析了一下有这样的几个
一、新知图书城里面有许多各式各类的书籍，这是它的一个优势(这个我是比不了的，这是人家的主营业务)，里面弄了个，顾客可以把喜欢的书拿到里面看，收费每人两元。但是他的环境却是很差的，人员杂环境喧嚣。如果需要其他的消费则需要当令付费。一算下来花费还是蛮高的。而我们不仅环境优雅，还可以对顾客提供一些新鲜的食品在看书时一边享受美食一边获取知识。在书籍方面也不会比他们专业的差，在书籍的方面我们有三个特点“新、特、奇”，部分的书籍将是市场难得一见的，争取让顾客一次就爱上我们的书籍和休闲环境。
二、图书馆图书馆在一定的程度上也是我们的竞争对手。图书馆的优势在于书籍种类全数目多。但是图书馆侧重的是知识性而侧重的是休闲性，图书馆的开放时间有一定的限制而服务时间能够随顾客的要求而做出灵活的改动。图书馆的服务单一而我们的服务人性化。
三、，其实这些书籍很单一不是武侠就是言情，书籍的知识含量低。而我们的书籍都是和生活相关对我们自身修养、品行等有关的知识理论性的，而且我们还会根据顾客的需求购进，也可以帮他们代购一些他们想要的书籍。
一、活动介绍
1.活动目的：大学生来源于社会，但又不同于一般社会公民，他们所面临的问题比一般公民更多、更复杂，社会对他们的法律素质要求更高、更严格。这期特殊节目旨在增强在校大学生的法律意识，提高在校大学生的自我保护意识。使大学生真正做到知法，守法，懂法，运用法律手段保护自己的合法权益不受侵害。也可以通过来自五湖四海的大学生将法制与法治的宣传落到实处。通过这次节目可以有效的减少大学生不必要的犯罪，使法律观念深入每一名大学生的心里，并通过此次节目加强大学生的法律意识，提高大学生的自我保护能力。
2.组织机构：主办单位：河北电视台《法制时代》栏目组河北科技大学理工学院赞助单位：中国移动通信河北有限责任公司
3.活动时间：5月8日――5月13日
4.活动地点：大学生活动中心三层
5.现场布置：待定
6.活动内容：
二、前期活动
8号周一：1开始展览《处罚条例》 2张贴展览版，有海报。(法制宣传周开始) 3悬挂条幅(①法制时代即将走进理工校园，②知法，懂法，守法) 4广播站(法制宣传周开始，走进校园) 5黑板报。
9号周二：1宣传案例。(包括较易发生侵犯学生权利的案件) 2广播(播发大学生维权的案例)
10号周三：1张贴海报(关于未来两天的具体活动) 2更换展板，展出新的案例3广播(播发大学生维权的案例)
11号周四：1充气设施到位，桌椅，遮阳棚4个(包括条幅，活动用品，) 2活动
活动区A,广播区(讲解展牌上的.案例，活动流程，宣传法制时代)活动区B，签名区(赠送《制安条例册》)
活动区C，互动区(①手机发送短信回答问题，②开展4月话费单换礼品活动)
12号周五：同上后期活动
13号周六：法制时代走进校园活动区撤销继续展出展板和海报传单继续发
三、商家补偿计划
冠名权：本次活动可以冠名。(冠名费6万)
传单宣传：传单主要宣传法律知识和宣传《法制时代之走进科大校园》节目。传单上可印有赞助商的标志
小册子宣传：主要宣传法律知识和宣传《法制时代之走进科大校园》节目。封面和内页可有赞助商的广告。
海报宣传：海报上商家以赞助商的身份出现，并可印上公司标志物。海报由河北电视台、河北科技大学理工学院、中国移动共同设计。
展板宣传：展板上可帖海报和宣传纸(宣传纸右下脚可印有赞助商的标志)横幅宣传：在学校过道可悬挂带有商家特色的横幅。校园广播宣传：主要宣传法律法规、《法制时代》的到来和赞助商现场宣传：现场可用到印有商家特色的道具进行布置
媒体宣传：可有赞助商独家赞助字样的字幕，会场可出现条幅，海报等软性广告。 (各种宣传介质均可印有中国移动的标志)
四、经费预算
达成协议后由科大理工和河北电视台提供经费清单，交赞助商审核同意后，由赞助商本次活动所需提供经费。
补充赞助方案：赞助商可以提供其他宣传方式，三方达成协议方可施行。
新学期伊始，学好“英语听力2”这一零课时科目，需要的是我们的自主学习能力，为了更好地完成本学期的听力学习任务，我结合自身学习情况和老师的`教学进度计划，制定了一套自己的听力学习计划。
本学期我的听力计划主要安排如下：
一、⑴9月1日至10月10日，每周三早上6:30-7:00听一课Listen to This 2，
听完1-6课;晚上10:00-10:30听一个单元的Listen This Way 2，听完1-6单元，并做好相应记录;
⑵每周五、周六、周日晚上10:00-10:30听一次中速VOA或BBC，并写下新闻报告和总结，不时模仿、复述听力原文;
⑶每两周找一个空余时间听专四听力模拟测试题。
二、⑴10月13日至11月21日，每周三早上6:30-7:00听一课Listen to This
2，听完7-12课;晚上10:30-11:00听一个单元的Listen This Way 2，听完7-12单元;
⑵根据上步计划继续每周五、周六、周日晚上听一次快速VOA或BBC，写好Summary和comment;
⑶强化专四听力练习，能准确、熟悉地写下Dictation的内容; ⑷11月21日写下两个月来的听力练习心得和反思报告。
三、⑴11月24日至第二年1月2日，每周三中午1:00-1:40听一课Listen to This 2，把13-18课听完，并进行一次听力总结;
⑵限时做专四听力模拟测试题1-4套;
⑶每周继续听三次以上快速VOA和BBC，并能流利复述新闻主要内容; ⑷课余时间看看英文经典电影，并模仿剧中发音，尝试默写剧中台词。
四、⑴按时参加班上的听力学习交流总结班会，参与分组交流学习方法策略，分享听力资源，记录听力练习中遇到的难点、疑点和考点，并转交指导老师; ⑵认真完成阶段测试，对测试情况进行讨论、释疑解答;
大学跨年晚会活动策划
【活动名称】
西安工程大学跨年晚会
【活动目的】
为了丰富校园文化生活，加强校园文化建设和各学院之间的交流，同时在学期末缓解大家紧张备考的心情，特此举办20西安工程大学跨年晚会，以此激励同学们迈好新生活的第一步。回首过去，展望未来，举办-西安工程大学跨年晚会既是对过去一年的总结，也是为即将来临的20xx年打造一个良好的开端!
【活动背景】
随着时间的推移，转眼间年末将至。为了庆祝党的十八大胜利召开，丰富校园文化生活，缓解同学们紧张的备考状态，同时为了在总结过去的同时，在新的一年确立新的目标与方向，特此举办20xx年西安工程大学元旦晚会。
【活动单位】
主办单位：西安工程大学校团委
承办单位：西安工程大学学生会
策划单位：西安工程大学学生会文化部
【活动对象】
西安工程大学全体在校学生
【活动日程】
时间：20xx年12月(具体时间待定)
地点：西安工程大学临潼校区大学生活动中心
【节目要求】
节目来源：①采取每个学院准备1-2个精品节目，送至学生会审核筛选并确定。
②学生会内部挖掘人才，准备节目。
节目要求：节目形式新颖，类型多样，积极向上，切合主题，能够反映当代大学生思想生活。
【各部门任务分配细则】
一、主席团
1、负责整场活动，包括准备期和后续环节。机动参与活动的准备与进行
2、向各单位、部门下发20xx年西安工程大学元旦晚会的通知，并要求各组织准备晚会节目
3、随时向相关部门了解工作进度，并与老师多加沟通
4、确定活动到场嘉宾名单，并发送邀请函，随时与老师保持联系
二、秘书部
1、将策划书、活动流程单、内部流程表、台签、节目单、主持词等资料打印好，并将活动需要的物资准备好放在校会办公室，以方便取用。一切准备就绪后再将所有物资清点一遍。对于所缺物资于第二天立即采购
2、需要准备的材料：
主席、部长：流程单、节目单、内部流程表(29份)
演出人员：水、饮水机、纸杯、演员更衣室、晚饭
嘉宾：邀请函、流程单、节目单、嘉宾姓名台签、水果、纸巾、纸杯、
矿泉水、笔和纸(据嘉宾人数而定)
主持人：活动流程单、内部流程表、主持词(各4份)
摄影组：相机(4台)，并确定4名摄影、录像人员
签到组：学生会各部门名单，并确定2名负责签到人员
布置组：学院名牌(10张)、PC管、横幅、彩喷、竖幅、横幅、胶带、别针、绳子、细线
3、嘉宾席的摆放及在观众席张贴各学院名牌
4、活动后通讯稿的书写和资料的整理
三、文化部
1、活动策划书的书写
2、审查并确定主持人人选(4人)、主持词的书写
3、负责演员和主持人的服装、道具、化妆等问题
4、节目形式的确定，节目的筛选、训练，演员的彩排
5、悬挂舞台上的横幅
6、气球拱门的制作和安置工作
7、负责节目的催场与换场(4人)、主持人与主席的联系(后台2人)
四、宣传部
1、设计好海报，并将海报粘贴到校会的'宣传栏内
2、设计宣传彩页并张贴在各个宿舍楼和食堂、超市等人流密集处
3、横幅的悬挂(大活门口、校园)和后期回收
4、红地毯的铺设及花篮的摆放
5、活动后期的照片展出
五、外联部
1、拉取活动赞助
2、租借大学生活动中心
3、准备好音响、话筒(10支，主持人4支，其余根据节目需要提供)
4、制作横幅、竖幅、彩喷，取回交给宣传部
5、活动前确定并准备好节目所需要的道具(麦架、椅子等)
6、活动开始后负责话筒的递换和换场工作。
六、体育部
1、将所需的视频、PPT准备好，其中具体的内容与文化部进行交流并确定
2、负责控制室视频和背景音乐的播放，第二次彩排与主持人走一遍流程
3、活动开始后派2人把守2号门，负责演员及工作人员的出入
4、联系微博墙，并负责活动过程中微博的播放
七、权益部
1、在每周的“维权ing”中宣传此次活动，并在校会人人、微博等发表活动状态
2、摆放观众席(600人)
3、与各学院主席取得联系，将观众事宜与之沟通协商好，确保活动时每院60名观众提前半小时全部进场完毕
4、引领观众进场。(找10名工作人员引领观众入场)
5、活动开始后维持现场秩序
6、演员的盒饭由权益部与食堂联系，负责所有演员和工作人员的用餐问题，组织人员将盒饭送至大活，分发给各演员和工作人员，注意垃圾的处理
八、礼仪部
1、迎接嘉宾和演出人员入场入座
2、准备主持人和演员休息室，用于表演者休息和更换服装。每个休息室安排两名礼仪服务。(负责人：王薇)
3、在大活二楼准备一个领导休息室，供开场前领导休息使用。休息室中摆放一件矿泉水，两壶热水，若干纸杯、茶叶和纸巾。活动开始一小时前安排两名礼仪服务。(负责人：曹秦媛)
4、除了三个休息室的一共六壶热水外，再另外准备六壶热水，放在大活会场的签到处，用于活动开始后的礼仪服务，也可用作休息室饮用水的备用水。(负责人：王贺鹏)
5、活动开始后安排2名礼仪把守1号门，负责领导及嘉宾的进出场
6、负责活动开始后的礼仪服务和互动环节小奖品的颁发
九、青总队(负责人：鞠仁桥)
1、在一楼的两个演员休息室中分别安排两名同学负责看管演员的私人物品，要求不得离开休息室。(负责人：柳应春)
2、活动开始后把守3号门，负责观众的进出场
3、活动前后大活环境的维护
策划书注意事项：注意事项
1、本策划书格式要求只提供基本参考方面，为必须内容。在此基础上，社团策划书可以根据活动大小与类型适当添加、灵活书写，做到内容充实、版面安排得当。
2、本策划书格式要求只对策划内容作出规定，策划书字体、版面排版得当等不作统一要求，但各社团要保证策划书样式规范、美观。
3、如有附件(比赛规则、评分标准、奖项设置等)可以附于策划书后面，作为附录部分。
4、策划书电子版须妥善保管，以备后用。
5、活动策划书应尽量于5―7天前上交活动管理部。
20xxin marketing plans ,
Work on a priority in the past year, i'm a joint efforts, the market development work was crowned with a result, their market shares and profits Contribute to higher performance indicators for the new product line with the red.
but in marketing, and there
are some problems that need in this year's work to improve and perfect.
the marketing department last year in accordance with market developments and achievements of the rival's sale, and sketched the objective Below 40% to be grazing：market share of profits reached a new product Contribute to higher x%.
income tax on profits Contribute to higher goods to x%.
second, support and supplement the work to make up for a year's work, and to better accomplish the objectives, should do well in the following work ( A) unity in thinking and clearly define responsibilities marketing plan on january 4, 10～organization job skill training, the main purpose is to be grazing：the marketing staff clear in the market strategies, thinking and understanding ;
ii let the market Things more from the office of the functions of the free and marketing strategy planning and strategy to develop and market research and development of the basic functions such as posts in consumer demand ; history3 set up for market development, and reduce the need to (B)
( Two )In place marketing, to the market in this year will start the batch and in phases to a Marketing keyIn place, so close to the market, a better finish the job market.
the marketing department personnel to perform the following work：
( 1 ) through comprehensive research and market order and pertinently bring out the market promotion scheme ;
( agent to collect 2 ) competitive price of goods and information, and capture markets consumption demand with the industry development trend of the proposed ( Three ) guidance to the standardized construction market and promoting the healthy and steady development ;
( four ) pertinently formulated and the implementation of the product promotion plan for market promotion, and policies for use with the implementation of the verification and found to be communicated promptly.
( five ) on-time and comprehensive publicity and implementation of the company policy to promote a person's capacity ; ( six ) in the market practice and collation Best cases, the method to sum up experience and recommend Three .
full members and to improve the organization as the business of the marketing staff, obviously is overloaded, in a year later in the work efficiency is, therefore, this year's marketing plan to increase the manning of the following posts ( meet the demand.
the marketing schedule ) staff post the name of the members of the main contents of the requirements demand work when the sale of three ~ six Three, the schedule
1 .promote brands corporate brand after years of operation of the market, with a certain competitive advantage and for the swift expansion of our products' market share and to get a product brands development, and we will be in the company's development strategy for the core, from the brand image and product markets construction, location, network marketing four aspects of the planning system
brand promotion strategy.
the brand image (1 ) ( 2 ) product is passed down if Competitive price.
for example, our "apple" brand positioning is the top end of the consumers, on the price must be able to demonstrate its distinctive "identity" ; "apple" brand positioning is the needs of wage earners in the price to more than the same price advantage.
2 .of sales network sales channels construction is i, too, are we with the other competitors in the competitive advantage and for many years of operation of the market, we have established a line from city to a sales network The second line city, my sales a terminal have increasingly can't meet the needs and improved from three to the countryside to cities Dense the sales network in the marketing department this year will be the main objectives.
Three .marketing ( one) actively using internal promotion and recruitment web site of the enterprises and brand.
( two ) in the national expertise in newspapers and magazines and tv media published advertisements and soft, the expansion of brand recognition.
( three ) an active part in major industry sectors of national conferences, exhibitions, social commonweal activities and as dealers organised various forms of lectures, to promote products such meetings and publicity to show the company and products.
( four ) use of various forms and the Four, progress in the marketing department for the work of the content of the work schedule 1 as follows.
specific .the first quarter of the work of the first quarter of the work schedule.
one：sure this year's publicity strategy: two：with the market work out a plan of action for three：satisfy the market and customers records building four：put up at the conference completed six：ago the design plan seven：planning to launch the activities of the prizes Seven：planning to launch the activities of the prizes .
The second quarterly progress Second: one：planning to launch promotion activities.
The second quarter ; series of promotional activities carried out two Three .
the third quarter of our work on september one july and august work：the publicity plans for the implementation of two：pop up and strengthening propaganda and three：summer marketing activities in the fourth quarter to four .
progress of work on october one november december：two promotion for the implementation of two calendar：and yearbooks and issued three：the completion of the target market ago advertising efforts of the work done in four：summary The above are my plans.
thank you in 20xx in marketing
Lingda 20xx in january 3
一般的营销策划书正文由七大项构成，现简单扼要说明。
（1）公司产品投入市场的政策
策划者在拟定策划案之前，必须与公司的最高领导层就公司未来的经营方针与策略，做深入细致的沟通，以确定公司的主要方针政策。双方要研讨下面的细节。
1、确定目标市场与产品定位。
2、销售目标是扩大市场占有率还是追求利润。
3、制定价格政策。
4、确定销售方式。
5、广告表现与广告预算。
6、促销活动的重点与原则。
7、公关活动的重点与原则。
（2）企业的产品销售目标
所谓销售目标，就是指公司的各种产品在一定期间内（通常为一年）必须实现的营业目标。
销售目标量化有下列优点：
为检验整个营销策划案的成败提供依据。
为评估工作绩效目标提供依据。
为拟定下一次销售目标提供基础。
（3）产品的推广计划
策划者拟定推广计划的目的，就是要协助实现销售目标。推广计划包括目标、策略、细部计划等三大部分。
①目标
策划书必须明确地表示，为了实现整个营销策划案的销售目标，所希望达到的推广活动的目标。一般可分为：长期，中期与短期计划。
②策略
决定推广计划的目标之后，接下来要拟定实现该目标的策略。推广计划的策略包括广告宣传策略、分销渠道运用策略、促销价格活动策略、公关活动策略等四大项。
广告宣传策略：针对产品定位与目标消费群，决定方针表现的主题，利用报纸、杂志、电视、广播、传单、户外广告等。要选择何种媒体？各占多少比率？广告的视听率与接触率有多少？使产品的特色与卖点深入人心。
分销渠道策略：当前的分销渠道的种类很多，企业要根据需要和可能选择适合自己的渠道进行，一般可分为：经销商和终端两大块，另有中间代理商德等形式。在选择中我们，遵循的主要原则是“有的放矢”，充分利用公司的有限的资源和力量。
促销价格策略：促销的对象，促销活动的种种方式，以及采取各种促销活动所希望达成的.效果是什么。
公关活动策略：公关的对象，公关活动的种种方式，以及举办各种公关活动所希望达到目的是什么。
③细部计划
详细说明实施每一种策略所进行的细节。
广告表现计划：报纸与杂志广告稿的设计（标题、文字、图案），电视广告的创意脚本、广播稿等。
媒体运用计划：选择大众化还是专业化的报纸与杂志，还有刊登日期与版面大小等。电视与广播广告选择的节目时段与次数。另外，也要考虑CRP（总视听率）与CPM（广告信息传达到每千人平均之成本）
促销活动计划：包括商品购买陈列、展览、示范、抽奖、赠送样品、品尝会、折扣等。
公关活动计划：包括股东会、发布公司消息稿、公司内部刊物、员工联谊会、爱心活动、同传播媒体的联系等。
（4）市场调查计划
市场调查在营销策划案中是非常重要的内容。因为从市场调查所获得的市场资料与情报，是拟定营销策划案的重要依据。此外，前述第一部分市场状况分析中的12项资料，大都可通过市场调查获得，由此也显示出市场调查的重要。
然而，市场调查常被高层领导人与策划书人员所忽视。许多企业每年投入大笔广告费，而不注意市场调查，这种错误的观念必须尽快转变。
市场调查与推广计划一样，也包含了目标，策略以及细部计划三大项。
（5）销售管理计划
假如把营销策划案看成是一种陆海空联合作战的话，销售目标便是登陆的目的。市场调查计划是负责提供情报，推广计划是海空军掩护，而销售管理计划是陆军行动了，在情报的有效支援与强大海空军的掩护下，仍须领先陆军的攻城掠地，才能获得决定性的胜利。因此，销售管理计划的重要性不言而喻。销售管理计划包括销售主管和职员、销售计划、推销员的挑选与训练、激励推销员、推销员的薪酬制度（工资与奖金）等。
（6）财务损益预估
任何营销策划案所希望实现的销售目标，实际上就是要实现利润，而损益预估就是要在事前预估该产品的税前利润。只要把该产品的预期销售总额减去销售成本、营销费用（经销费用加管理费用）、推广费用后，即可获得该产品的税前利润。
（7）方案的可行性与操作性分析。
这是对该方案的落实政策的进一步过程，从某中意义上来说，他是计划执行的“前哨站”，一方面，对整个方案的可行性与操作性进行必要的事前分析，另一方面，对事后的执行进行必要的监督工作的铺垫。这也决定方案最后是否通过的重要的衡量标准之一。
Your business plan is very often the first impression potential investors get about your venture.
But even if you have a great product, team, and customers, it could also be the last impression the investor gets if you make any of these avoidable mistakes.
INVESTORS see thousands of business plans each year, even in this down market.
Apart from a referral from a trusted source, the business plan is the only basis they have for deciding whether or not to invite an entrepreneur to their offices for an initial meeting.
With so many opportunities, most investors simply focus on finding reasons to say no.
They reason that entrepreneurs who know what they are doing will not make fundamental mistakes.
Every mistake counts against you.
This article shows you how to avoid the most common errors found in business plans.
Content Mistakes
Failing to relate to a true pain
Pain comes in many flavors: my computer network keeps crashing; my accounts receivable cycle is too long; existing treatments for a medical condition are ineffective; my tax returns are too hard to prepare.
Businesses and consumers pay good money to make pain go away.
You are in business to get paid for making pain go away.
Pain, in this setting, is synonymous with market opportunity.
The greater the pain, the more widespread the pain, and the better your product is at alleviating the pain, the greater your market potential.
A well written business plan places the solution firmly in the context of the problem being solved.
Value inflation
Phrases like "unparalleled in the industry;" "unique and limited opportunity;" or "superb returns with limited capital investment" – taken from actual documents – are nothing but assertions and hype.
Investors will judge these factors for themselves.
Lay out the facts – the problem, your solution, the market size, how you will sell it, and how you will stay ahead of competitors – and lay off the hype.
Trying to be all things to all people
Many early-stage companies believe that more is better.
They explain how their product can be applied to multiple, very different markets, or they devise a complex suite of products to bring to a market.
Most investors prefer to see a more focused strategy, especially for very early stage companies: a single, superior product that solves a troublesome problem in a single, large market that will be sold through a single, proven distribution strategy.
That is not to say that additional products, applications, markets, and distribution channels should be discarded – instead, they should be used to enrich and support the highly focused core strategy.
You need to hold the story together with a strong, compelling core thread.
Identify that, and let the rest be supporting characters.
No go-to-market strategy
Business plans that fail to explain the sales, marketing, and distribution strategy are doomed.
The key questions that must be answered are: who will buy it, why, and most importantly, how will you get it to them?
You must explain how you have already generated customer interest, obtained pre-orders, or better yet, made actual sales – and describe how you will leverage this experience through a cost-effective go-to-market strategy.
"We have no competition"
No matter what you may think, you have competitors.
Maybe not a direct competitor – in the sense of a company offering an identical solution – but at least a substitute.
Fingers are a substitute for a spoon.
First class mail is a substitute for e-mail.
A coronary bypass is a substitute for an angioplasty.
Competitors, simply stated, consist of everybody pursuing the same customer dollars.
To say that you have no competition is one of the fastest ways you can get your plan tossed – investors will conclude that you do not have a full understanding of your market.
The "Competition" section of your business plan is your opportunity to showcase your relative strengths against direct competitors, indirect competitors, and substitutes.
Besides, having competitors is a good thing.
It shows investors that a real market exists.
Too long
Investors are very busy, and do not have the time to read long business plans.
They also favor entrepreneurs who demonstrate the ability to convey the most important elements of a complex idea with an economy of words.
An ideal executive summary is no more than 1-3 pages.
An ideal business plan is 20-30 pages (and most investors prefer the lower end of this range).
Remember, the primary purpose of a fund-raising business plan is to motivate the investor to pick up the phone and invite you to an in-person meeting.
It is not intended to describe every last detail.
Document the details elsewhere: in your operating plan, R&D plan, marketing plan, white papers, etc.
Too technical
Business plans – especially those authored by people with scientific backgrounds – are often packed with too many technical details and scientific jargon.
Initially, investors are interested in your technology only in terms of how it:
solves a really big problem that people will pay for;
is significantly better than competing solutions;
can be protected through patents or other means; and
can be implemented on a reason-able budget.
All of these questions can be answered without a highly technical discussion of how your product works.
The details will be reviewed by experts during the due diligence process.
Keep the business plan simple.
Document the technical details in separate white papers.
No risk analysis
Investors are in the business of balancing risks versus rewards.
Some of the first things they want to know are what are the risks inherent in your business, and what has been done to mitigate these risks.
The key risks of entrepreneurial ventures include:
Market risks: Will people actually buy what you have to sell? Will you need to create a major change in consumer behavior?
Technology risks: Can you actually deliver what you say you can? On budget and on time?
Operational risks: What can go wrong in the day-to-day operations of the company? What can go wrong with manufacturing and customer support?
Management risks: Can you attract and retain the right team? Can your team actually pull this off? Are you prepared to step aside and let somebody else take over if necessary?
Legal risks: Is your intellectual property truly protected? Are you infringing on another company's patents? If your solution does not work, can you limit your liability?
This is, of course, just a partial list of risks.
Even though you may feel that the risks are negligible, potential investors will feel otherwise unless you demonstrate that you have given a lot of thought to what can go wrong and have taken prudent steps to mitigate these risks.
Poorly organized
Your idea should flow in a nice, organized fashion.
Each section should build logically on the previous section, without requiring the reader to know something that is presented later in the plan.
Although there is no single "correct" business plan structure, one successful structure is as follows:
Executive Summary: This is a brief, 1 to 3 page summary of everything that follows in the plan.
It should be a stand-alone document, as many readers will make their initial decision based on the executive summary alone.
This should usually be written last; otherwise, you have nothing to summarize!
Background: If you are in a highly specialized field, you should provide some background in layman terms since most investors will not have advanced degrees in your field.
Market Opportunity: Describe how businesses and consumers are suffering, and how much they are willing to pay for a solution.
Products or Services: Describe what you do, and how your solution fits into the market opportunity.
Market Traction: Describe how you have succeeded in attracting customers, marketing and distribution partnerships, and other alliances that demonstrate that experts in your market are betting on your solution.
Competitive Analysis: Identify your direct and indirect competitors, and describe how your solution is better.
Distribution and Marketing Strategy: Describe how you will go to market, how you will price your products, etc.
Risk Analysis: Identify major sources of risks, and describe how you are mitigating them.
Milestones: Showcase a strong past track record, and describe key checkpoints for the future.
Company and Management: Provide the basic facts about your company – where and when you incorporated, where you are located, and brief biographies of your core team.
Financials: Provide summaries of your P&L and cash flows, and the assumptions used to come up with these.
Also describe your funding needs, how you will use the proceeds, and possible exit strategies for investors.
As stated earlier, there is no "right" structure – you will need to experiment to find the one that best suits your business.
Your business plan is very often the first impression potential investors get about your venture.
But even if you have a great product, team, and customers, it could also be the last impression the investor gets if you make any of these avoidable mistakes.
Financial Model Mistakes
Forgetting Cash
Revenues are not cash.
Gross margins are not cash.
Profits are not cash.
Only cash is cash.
For example, suppose you sell something this month for $100, and it cost you $60 to make it.
But you have to pay your suppliers within 30 days, while the buyer probably won't pay you for at least 60 days.
In this case, your revenue for the month was $100, your profit for the month was $40, and your cash flow for the month was zero.
Your cash flow for the transaction will be negative $60 next month when you pay your suppliers.
Although this example may seem trivial, very slight changes in the timing difference between cash receipt and disbursement – just a couple of weeks – can bankrupt your business.
When you build your financial model, make sure that your assumptions are realistic so that you raise sufficient capital.
Lack of Detail
Your financials should be constructed from the bottom-up, and then validated from the top-down.
A bottom-up model starts with details such as when you expect to make certain sales, or when you expect to hire specific employees.
Top-down validation means that you examine your overall market potential and compare that to the bottom-up revenue projections.
Round numbers – like one million in R&D expenses in Year 2, and two million in Year 3 – are a sure sign that you do not have a bottom-up model.
Unrealistic financials
Only a very small handfull of companies achieve $100 million or more in sales only five years after founding.
Projecting much more than that will not be credible, and will get your business plan canned faster than almost anything else.
On the other hand, a business with only $25 million in revenues after five years will be too small to interest serious investors.
Financial forecasts are a litmus test of your understanding of how venture capitalists think.
If you have a realistic basis for projecting $50-100 million in Year 5, you are probably a good candidate for venture financing.
Otherwise, you should probably look elsewhere.
Insufficient financial projections
Basic financial projections consist of three fundamental elements: Income Statements, Balance Sheets, and Cash Flow Statements.
All of these must conform to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP.
Investors generally expect to see five years of projections.
Of course, nobody can see five years into the future.
Investors primarily want to see the thought process you employ to create long-term projections.
A good financial model will also include sensitivity analyses, showing how your projected results will change if your assumptions turn out to be incorrect.
This allows both you and the investor to identify the assumptions that can have a material effect on your future performance, so that you can focus your energies on validating those assumptions.
They should also include benchmark comparisons to other companies in your industry – things like revenues per employee, gross margin per employee, gross margin as a percentage of revenues, and various expense ratios (general and administrative, sales and marketing, research and development, and operations as a percentage of total operating expenses).
Conservative assumptions
Nobody ever believes that assumptions are conservative, even if they truly are.
Develop realistic assumptions that you can support, refrain from using the words "conservative" or "aggressive" in your plan, and leave it at that.
Offering a valuation
Many business plans err by stating that their company is worth a certain amount.
How do you know? The value of a company is determined by the market – by what others are willing to pay – and unless you are in the business of buying, selling, or investing in companies, you probably don't have an acute sense of what the market will bear.
If you name a price, one of two things can happen: (a) your price is too high, and investors will toss your plan; or (b) your price is too low, and investors will take advantage of you.
Both are bad.
The purpose of the business plan is to tell your story in the most compelling manner possible so that investors will want to go to the next step.
You can always negotiate the price later.
Stylistic Mistakes
Poor spelling and grammar
If you make silly mistakes in your business plan, what does that say about how you run your business?
Use your spelling and grammar checkers, get other people to edit the plan, do whatever it takes to purge embarrassing errors.
Too repetitive
All too often, a plan covers the same points over and over.
A well-written plan should cover key points only twice: once, briefly, in the executive summary, and again, in greater detail, in the body of the plan.
Appearance matters
At any point in time, an investor has dozens if not hundreds of plans waiting to be read.
Get to the top of the pile by making sure that the cover is attractive, the binding is professional, the pages are well laid out, and the fonts are large enough to be easily read.
On the other hand, don't go too far – you don't want to give the impression that you are all style and no substance.
Execution Mistakes
Waiting until too late
The capital formation process takes a long time.
In general, count on 6 months to a year from the time you start writing the plan until the time the money is in the bank.
Don't put it off.
Your management team should be prepared to invest about 500 hours into the plan.
If you are too busy building your product, company, or customers (which is arguably a better use of your time), consider outsourcing the development of the business plan.
Failing to seek outside review
Make sure that you have at least a few people review your plan before you send it out – preferably people who understand your market, sales and distribution strategies, the VC market, etc.
Your plan may look perfect to you and your team, but that's probably because you've been staring at it for months.
Good, objective reviews from outsiders with a fresh perspective can save you from myopia.
Overtweaking
You could spend countless hours tweaking your plan in the pursuit of perfection.
A lot of this time would be better spent working on your product, company, and customers.
At some point, you need to pull the trigger and get the plan out in front of a few investors.
If the reaction is positive, and they want to move forward, great.
If the reaction is negative (assuming that the investor was a good fit to begin with), then you may have been heading down the wrong path.
Get feedback from a couple of investors, and if a general consensus emerges, go back and refine your plan.
Conclusion
It's a tough investment climate, but good ideas backed by good teams and good business plans are still getting funded.
Give yourself the best possible chance by avoiding these simple mistakes.
First of all, I think try to improve the vocabulary is the most important step to have the improvement of English. Because to use a high-level or subject-specific vocabulary can show the audience that the writer have a high-level language skills.
To memorize more and more vocabularies by reading books. It's most easiest and the most fast way to memorize. Do not memorize the dictionary, it's hard and will forget very fast and completely. Secondly, grammar is the hardest section for the people who's first language is not English. There are 12 tenses to learn. Do grammar exercises is a way to get the improvement.
Also people need to study the grammar by talking with other people. Write more and more paragraphs by using different tenses and ask teacher for help to fix the grammar errors. Last but no least, when the writer should have a logical organization of your ideas. A good paragraph writing form can help the writer organize his/her ideas.
Further, write a outline before the final draft, and the ideas should be write from least important to most important or least specific to most specific.
词汇：其实每天不用背太多，20--30个就差不多了，但是重要的是要重复地去背，比如第一天背的25个单词，三天后至少要重新读上几遍熟悉一下，这样才能得到巩固。单词这个东西，其实都差不多，因为也不知道楼主对自己英语等级的需要，所以也不好说具体。如果楼主不是针对考试的学习英语的话，不要纠结于四六级什么的，好用广泛点的词汇会好一点。
听力：听力在高中时期要求不高，过了高中之后其实该炼的是精听。最好的是听新闻，voa,bbc之类的英美新闻最好的。训练自己精听的能力，就是边听边默写。一开始的时候会很吃力，但是一段时间的坚持效果会很好的，对自己的听力帮助不是一般的好。每天一篇足矣，但是需要楼主坚持。
口语：口语首先一部分是建立在听力上的。其次就是要大胆开口了。在学习一般都会有比较多的口语练习机会，楼主好好把握先。好好注意自己的口音，这个是需要模仿的'，常看美剧是个不错的方法，比较生活化。跟读以及音调的学习很重要，挺多了自己对口音会有一定的理解。这个具体方案比较难说，因为不知道楼主的环境怎么样，如果周围有个伴的话每天一到两个小时，就像平常聊天一样，熟悉一下说英语的环境是不错的。
选定一套合适的教材，从头开始建议从初中英语或者小学英语开始，因为教材内容循序渐进，体系完整，配套练习、录音等等到处可得放下架子，从最基础的东西开始吧
制定计划，稳步推进按照你每天两小时的时间安排，每天学习1-2课，像中学生一样，认真做作业，复习预习等等
摆好心态，不要指望一口吃个胖子只要有进步，就要开心不要因为进步不大就心灰意冷，或者心烦意乱
速度可以适当快一些，因为成年人的理解能力会更强保证一定的速度对提升自己的信心和成就感有好处
扎实，但是也不要苛求自己一开始就弄懂所有的东西，有些东西可以暂时放一放，以后随着自己水平的提高会自然解决的
不耻下问非常重要，不要因为脸皮薄就放着问题不问，想一想，铲除一座障碍，你就会走的更远
持之以恒，坚持到底，还要对自己要狠一些
一.主要目标
每一天保证必须的阅读量，必须的听力时间，至少15分钟的时间，集中注意力，并有意识的'去记忆好的句子。日常思考的时候，尝试用英语思考、想问题以培养语感。争取获得优良成绩，能切实学到丰富的专业知识和基础常识。增加文化素养，提升自身潜力，端正学习态度，培养用心勤奋的学风。做学习计划来自我敦促，自我勉励。
二.设立此目标的依据
1.阅读量不足，知识面小。
2.听力潜力差，不能到达精听的效果。
3.经常出现中国式英语，口语不够地道，习惯中国性思维。
4.学习的自觉性不够高，没有计划造成时间的浪费。
三。本阶段个人学习存在的不足、困惑与解决措施
不足：
1.英语基础薄弱
2.对英语的兴趣不是很高
3.学习方法单一，学习策略滞后
4.没有坚持每一天阅读，听英语听力，用英语交流
困惑：
1.单词量大，生僻单词多，记不住单词
2.翻译句子时不够地道。
3.口语对话时不流畅，句子单一，语法错误多。
4.课堂笔记来不及记，重点难点没完全掌握
解决措施：
1.能够听广播，MP3而且能够更好的把零碎的时间用起来，培养感觉。
策划书标准格式
一、策划书名称尽可能具体的写出策划名称，如“×年×月×日信息系×活动策划书”，置于页面中央。
二、活动背景：这部分内容应根据策划书的特点在以下项目中选取内容重点阐述;具体项目有：基本情况简介、主要执行对象、近期状况、组织部门、活动开展原因、社会影响、以及相关目的动机。其次应说明问题的环境特征，主要考虑环境的内在优势、弱点、机会及威胁等因素，对其作好全面的分析，将内容重点放在环境分析的各项因素上，对过去现在的情况进行详细的描述，并通过对情况的预测制定计划。如环境不明，则应该通过调查研究等方式进行分析加以补充。
三、活动目的及意义：活动的目的`、意义应用简洁明了的语言将目的要点表述清楚;在陈述目的要点时，该活动的核心构成或策划的独到之处及由此产生的意义都应该明确写出。
四、活动名称：根据活动的具体内容影响及意义拟定能够全面概括活动的名称。
五、活动目标：此部分需明示要实现的目标及重点(目标选择需要满足重要性、可行性、时效性)。
六、活动开展：作为策划的正文部分，表现方式要简洁明了，使人容易理解。在此部分中，不仅仅局限于用文字表述，也可适当加入统计图表等;对策划的各工作项目，应按照时间的先后顺序排列，绘制实施时间表有助于方案核查。另外，人员的组织配置、活动对象、相应权责及时间地点也应在这部分加以说明，执行的应变程序也应该在这部分加以考虑。
七、经费预算：活动的各项费用在根据实际情况进行具体、周密的计算后，用清晰明了的形式列出。
八、活动中应注意的问题及细节：内外环境的变化，不可避免的会给方案的执行带来一些不确定
性因素，因此，当环境变化时是否有应变措施，损失的概率是多少，造成的损失多大等也应在策划中加以说明。
九、活动负责人及主要参与者：注明组织者、参与者姓名、单位(如果是小组策划应注明小组名称、负责人)。
为指导同学们写出专业化、规范化的策划书，有效开展各项活动，现提供基本策划书模式如下：
注：1、策划书须制作一张封面，装订时从纸张长边装订;
2、系级以上的策划须按如上格式交电子版和打印版各一份。