十三陵英语导游词（精选6篇）
The Ming Tombs are the tombs of the Ming emperors in China. They arelocated in Tianshou mountain at the foot of Yanshan Mountain in ChangpingDistrict, northwest suburb of Beijing. From May, 1409, the seventh year ofYongle, the Changling mausoleum was built here to the burial of Chongzhen, thelast emperor of Ming Dynasty, in Siling. During the 230 years, 13 emperormausoleums, seven concubines' tombs and one eunuch's tomb were builtsuccessively. Thirteen emperors, 23 queens, two princes, more than 30 concubinesand one eunuch were buried.
In Ming Dynasty, warlocks thought that it was a place of "Fengshui" and"auspicious soil". Therefore, it was selected as the "longevity area" for theconstruction of imperial mausoleum in Ming Dynasty. Gu Yanwu, a famous scholarin the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, once wrote a poem describingthe winning situation here: "the mountains come from the south, and the momentumis like a dragon flying; the East toe is located in Lulong, and the west ridgeis in Taihang; the rear Jiri sits in Huanghua (referring to Huanghua town), andthe front is facing Shenjing; in the middle is wannianzhai, which is calledkangjiazhuang; it can accommodate millions of people, and suddenly opensMingtang." This beautiful natural landscape was regarded as geomantic treasureland by feudal rulers.
The cemetery was built in 1409-1644, with a history of more than 300-500years. Covering an area of 40 square kilometers, the mausoleum is the largestmausoleum complex in China and even in the world, with the largest number ofmausoleums for emperors and empresses. In 20__, the Ming Tombs were listed inthe world heritage list. According to the evaluation of the World HeritageCommittee, the Royal mausoleums of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were carefullyselected according to the geomantic theory, and a large number of buildings wereskillfully placed underground. It is the product of human changing nature,embodies the traditional architectural and decorative ideas, and explains theworld outlook and power outlook of feudal China lasting for more than 5000years.
This article is from Zhimeng
The Ming Tombs are the general name of the royal tombs of the 13 emperorsafter the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. There are Changling(Chengzu), Xianling (Renzong), jingling (Xuanzong), Yuling (Yingzong), Maoling(Xianzong), tailing (Xiaozong), Kangling (Wuzong), Yongling (Shizong), Zhaoling(muzong), Dingling (Shenzong), Qingling (Guangzong), Deling (Xizong) and Siling(Sizong), so they are called the Ming Tombs. The Ming Tombs are the tombs ofthirteen Ming emperors.
The Ming Dynasty experienced sixteen emperors. Why is it called the MingTombs? Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built hiscapital in Nanjing and was buried in the sun of Zhongshan in Nanjing after hisdeath, which is called "Ming Xiaoling". The second Emperor Zhu Yunwen (emperorJianwen) sent troops to Nanjing in the name of "Jingnan" (relieving theemperor's distress) because of his uncle Zhu Di. Some people say that when amonk became a monk, his whereabouts are unknown (this is a pending case in MingDynasty History), so there is no mausoleum. Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor, wascaptured by Wala because of his brother emperor Yingzong, and became emperorunder the will of the Empress Dowager and ministers. Later Yingzong was putback. Under the planning of his confidants, he made a "change of seizing thedoor". Yingzong was restored and became emperor again. In the Ming Tombs (14pieces), Zhu Qiyu was killed. Yingzong refused to recognize him as the emperorand destroyed his mausoleum built in Tianshou mountain. As a "King", he wasburied in Yuquan mountain in the western suburb of Beijing.
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On the way to the Ming Tombs, you have to pass the West Pass of Changping.Naturally, you will see the bronze statue of Li Zicheng. It is said that thebronze statue was built in 1994 by famous sculptor Zhang Zhaoxu. It wasoriginally placed in xiaoyingkou, 10 kilometers away from Beijing's DeshengGate, where Li Zicheng marched into Beijing. Later, in order to build a highway,Li Zicheng's statue was moved to the west gate of Changping and placed at thegate of the Ming Tombs. Li Zicheng is a typical tragic figure. He rebelled for18 years and was in power for only 42 days. It will take one or two days toreally ascend the throne of the Dashun Dynasty. In his body, the most obviousembodiment of the cycle rate of "its prosperity is also vigorous, its death isalso sudden".
Dear friends, now I would like to introduce the Dingling mausoleum.Dingling mausoleum is the only mausoleum with underground palace opened amongthe Ming Tombs. It is the joint burial Mausoleum of the 13th emperor of MingDynasty Zhu Yijun and his two emperors Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. It is located infront of Dayu mountain of Tianshou mountain and was built in 1590 ad.
Zhu Yijun's year name is Wanli, which means to be emperor for 10000 years.Although it didn't come true, it also set a record for the Ming emperor, thatis, the emperor with the longest reign. Emperor Wanli succeeded to the throne atthe age of 10 and began to build his own mausoleum and underground palace at theage of 22. The whole project lasted six years and consumed more than 8 milliontaels of silver. During his 48 years in office, he almost ignored thegovernment, and was buried in the harem all day long. He was fond of drinkingand often killed people drunk. After his death, he was buried in Dingling.
Emperor Wanli had two empresses, empress Xiaoduan and empress Xiaojing.Empress Xiaojing was only a concubine when she died. According to theregulations of the Ming Dynasty, empress Xiaojing could not enter theunderground palace after her death, so she was buried in other places. After thecrown prince succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of EmpressDowager Xiaojing. After the death of empress Xiaoduan and Emperor Wanli, empressXiaojing was moved to the underground palace. So there is a emperor and twoempresses buried in the underground palace. The underground palace of Dinglingwas opened in 1957, and more than 3000 cultural relics were unearthed, whichcaused a sensation all over the world.
At present, Dingling has become a national key scenic spot, a 4A scenicspot, and tourists from all over the world come to visit it every day.
The whole cemetery was originally composed of lingmen, Lingen men, Lingenhall, minglou, Baocheng, Baoding and the left and right side halls in front ofminglou. After nearly 500 years of life, the original Lingen gate and Lingenhall have been destroyed, only the base is left. Because the Ming tower ofDingling is made of stone and is not afraid of fire, it is still well preserved.Now let's take a look at the site of Lingen gate and Lingen hall.
Ladies and gentlemen, we are now standing at the site of Lingen Hall ofDingling. Now we can see the column foundation of the hall. Lingen hall is amain hall for sacrifice. Originally, there were tablets for emperors and queensin the hall. The Lingen gate and the Lingen Hall of the Dingling mausoleum wereburned when the Qing soldiers entered the pass. Later, Emperor Qianlongrenovated the Ming Tombs in order to attract the Han people, but mostly reducedthe scale.
It is said that Qianlong used the method of stealing beams and replacingpillars to transport the original coarse timber of the Ming Tombs to the westernand Eastern tombs of the Qing Dynasty, and rebuilt the Ming Tombs with smalltimber. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the regulation. Up to now, there isstill a popular saying that "Qianlong, unjust, demolished the great tombs andchanged the small Ming Tombs".
The first exhibition room mainly displays the relics unearthed from theemperor's coffin, including posthumous treasures, posthumous volumes, goldencrowns, jade belts, gold and silver vessels, silk fabrics, etc. The secondexhibition room mainly displays the cultural relics unearthed from the coffinsof the two queens, including Phoenix crowns, headdresses, gemstones and otherdaily necessities used in life. Now you can visit it free of charge. Pleasedon't take photos or video in the exhibition room. Thank you for yourcooperation. We will gather in front of minglou in ten minutes.
Dear friends
Hello everyone! With the start of the car, today's tourism activities willofficially start. I'm very glad to have the opportunity to accompany you tovisit the Ming Tombs.
The world famous Ming Tombs are located at the foot of Yanshan Mountain inChangping District of Beijing. In the surrounding area of 40 square kilometers,there are 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines, princesses, princesses andother maids buried in the Ming Dynasty. At this point, some friends who arefamiliar with Chinese history may have a question in their heart: there were 16emperors in the Ming Dynasty, why only 13 of them were buried here? To answerthis question, we need to recall the history of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built the capitalin today's Nanjing and was buried in the "Ming Xiaoling" in Zhongshan, Nanjingafter his death. Because Prince Zhu Biao died early, he passed the throne to hiseldest grandson Zhu Yunwen. Yongle Emperor Zhu Di won the throne from his nephewZhu Yunwen. Zhu Di sent troops to the south in the name of removing treacherousofficials. Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunwen's whereabouts are unknown in thiscatastrophe. Some people say that the palace was burned to death at that time.Others say that they became monks. This is still a mystery in the history of theMing Dynasty, so there is no mausoleum. Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor of theMing Dynasty, became the emperor because his elder brother Yingzong Zhu Qizhenwas a prisoner in the "civil fortress change" and the palace could not bewithout a master for a day.
Later, Yingzong was released. Under the planning of his confidants,Yingzong carried out a "change of seizing the door", and became emperor again.After Zhu Qiyu died, Yingzong refused to recognize him as an emperor, destroyedthe mausoleum built by Zhu Qiyu in the Ming Tombs area, and buried him as a"Prince" in jinshankou, western suburb of Beijing. In this way, of the 16 Mingemperors, two were buried elsewhere, one was missing, and the other 13 wereburied here, so they are collectively referred to as "Ming Tombs". The MingTombs is a group of mausoleum buildings with the most complete preservation andburial of emperors in the world.
The Ming Tombs are built in a beautiful mountain area, about 50 kilometersaway from the capital, covering an area of about 40 square kilometers. The siteof the Ming Tombs was selected and built according to the principle of geomanticomen, because people in ancient China paid great attention to geomantic omenwhen they were building houses or mausoleums. The emperor is more pretentious,not only to live a luxurious life, but also want to continue to enjoy afterdeath, so the choice of mausoleum is very important.
When choosing the mausoleum site, it is necessary to choose a good placewith mountains and water, good natural environment and "gas accumulation wind".And the Ming Tombs is such a good place: the whole mausoleum area is surroundedby mountains in the East, West and North, and there are Dragon Mountain andTiger Mountain in the south, forming a natural gateway, which is in line withthe saying of "left Green Dragon and right white tiger" in geomantic omen. It islike a huge courtyard in the middle. The Wenyu River in the mausoleum areameanders from northwest to Southeast, forming the holding water in the mausoleumarea. In the whole mausoleum area, Changling is the key, the line betweenDagongmen and Changling is the central axis, and Tianshou mountain is theZhenshan in the north. It is an ideal mausoleum with mountains on its back,water on its surface and wind gathering in gas reservoirs.
The reason why Emperor Yongle chose the present Tianshou mountain was alsoafter many twists and turns. After the battle of Jingnan, Zhu Di became emperorin Nanjing. At that time, he decided to move his capital to Beijing in order toconsolidate his political power. In 1407, the fifth year of Yongle, Zhu Di'sempress Xu died. At that time, in order to express his determination to move thecapital to Beijing, Zhu Di sent the Minister of rites and geomantic warlock LiaoJunqing to Beijing to choose "auspicious soil". It is said that several placeshave been selected.
The first choice is tujiaying, but because the emperor's surname is Zhu,which is the same as "pig", and "Tu" means slaughtering, pigs will definitelydie when they enter the slaughterhouse, so it's not appropriate to committaboos. Another place is at the foot of the Yangshan mountain in the southwestof Changping. Pigs and sheep instinctively live in harmony, but there is avillage behind the mountain called "langeryu". It's more dangerous to havewolves beside pigs, and it can't be used. Later, he chose Yanjiatai in the westof Beijing, but "Yanjia" and "Yanjia" are homophonic, which is also unlucky.
Because the death of the ancient emperor, in addition to called "death",also called "Yan Jia". Although the landscape of Tanzhe Temple is good, it isdeep and narrow in the mountains, which is not conducive to the development offuture generations. Later came to today's Tianshou mountain. Tianshou mountainwas called Huangtu mountain at that time. After Emperor Yongle personallyinspected it, he felt very satisfied. At that time, he made an order todesignate Huangtu mountain as his "good soil for ten thousand years". This yearis also the year of his 50th birthday, so he named Huangtu mountain "Tianshoumountain". From the construction of Changling mausoleum in 1409, the seventhyear of Yongle, until Chongzhen, the last emperor of Ming Dynasty, was buried inSiling mausoleum, the construction of Ming Tombs lasted for more than 230years.
The Ming Tombs have a history of more than 300-500 years since it wasbuilt, and the buildings on the ground have been seriously damaged many times,the most serious of which was during the Qing army's entry period. So why didthe Qing army destroy the Ming Tombs on a large scale? Because at the end of theMing Dynasty, Nurhachi, the emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, rose in thenortheast, which directly threatened the security of the Ming Dynasty.
As a result, some people say that the prosperity of the Qing soldiers isrelated to the geomantic omen of their ancestral graves. If their ancestralgraves are destroyed, the Qing soldiers can be eliminated. The ancestors ofManchu are Jin people, and the ancestral Tomb of Jin Dynasty is in Fangshan,Beijing. Zhu Youxiao, the Ming Dynasty's Apocalypse emperor, believed it. Asexpected, he sent people to Fangshan to destroy Jinling and built a Guanditemple in that town. Of course, this method could not suppress the Qing army. Asa result, after the Qing army entered the pass, they took the same means ofrevenge and destroyed the Ming Tombs. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong ofthe Qing Dynasty, in order to win over the Han people, Emperor Qianlong onceordered the Ming mausoleum to be repaired. However, in the period of theRepublic of China [around 1914], local tyrants and evil gentry destroyed theMing Tombs on a large scale in order to fight for property rights. It was notuntil after the founding of new China that we were able to see the true face ofLushan Mountain today after constant renovation and landscaping. Now the MingTombs have become a famous tourist attraction in China.
Dear friends, the above is the general situation of the Ming Tombs. Thepurpose is to give you a preliminary understanding of the Ming Tombs. I willintroduce the situation of the scenic spot to you in detail after arriving atthe scenic spot.
At a distance of 50 km northwest of Beijing stands an arc-shaped cluster of hills fronted by a small plain. Here is where 13 emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) were buried, and the area is known as the Ming Tombs.
Construction of the tombs started in 1409 and ended with the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644. In over 200 years tombs were built over an area of 40 square kilometres, which is surrounded by walls totalling 40 kilometres. Each tomb is located at the foot of a separate hill and is linked with the other tombs by a road called the Sacred Way. The stone archway at the southern end of the Sacred Way, built in 1540, is 14 metres high and 19 metres wide, and is decorated with designs of clouds, waves and divine animals.
Beijing served as the national capital during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Unlike Ming and Qing rulers who all built massive tombs for themselves, Yuan rulers left no similar burial grounds. Why the difference?
This has to do with people's different views on death. Beijing nomads came from the Mongolian steppe. Mongols who established the Yuan Dynasty held the belief that they had come from: earth. they adopted a simple funeral method: the dead was placed inside a hollowed nanmu tree, which was then buried under grassland. Growth of grass soon left no traces of the tombs.
By contrast, during the Ming Dynasty established by Han Chinese coming from an agricultural society in central China, people believed the existence of an after-world, where the dead "lived" a life similar to that of the living. Ming emperor, therefore, has grand mausoleums built for themselves. Qing rulers did likewise.
The stone archway at the southern end of the Sacred Way, built in 1540, is 14 metres high and 19 metres wide, and is decorated with designs of clouds, waves and divine animals. Well-proportioned and finely carved, the archway is one of the best preserved specimens of its kink in the Ming Dynasty. It is also the largest ancient stone archway in China.
The Stele Pavilion, not far from the Great Palace Gate, is actually a pavilion with a double-eaved roof. On the back of the stele is carvedpoetry written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty when he visited the Ming Tombs.
The Sacred Way inside the gate of the Ming Tomb is lined with 18 pairs of stone human figures and animals. These include four each of three types of officials: civil, military and meritorious officials, symbolizing those who assist the emperor in the administration of the state, plus four each of six iypes of animals: lion, griffin, camel, elephant, unicorn and horse.
Yongling, built in 1536, is the tomb for Emperor Shizong, Zhu Houcong (1507-1566). He stayed in power for 45 years.
The Dingling Tomb is the tomb of Emperor Wanli (reigned 1573-1619), the 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, whose personal name was Zhu Yijun, and of his two empresses, Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing. The tomb was completed in six years (1584-1590), it occupies a total area of 1,195 square meters at the foot of Dayu Mountain southwest of the Changling Tomb.
At a distance of 50 km northwest of Beijing stands an arc-shaped cluster of hills fronted by a small plain. Here is where 13 emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) were buried, and the area is known as the Ming Tombs.
Construction of the tombs started in 1409 and ended with the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644. In over 200 years tombs were built over an area of 40 square kilometres, which is surrounded by walls totalling 40 kilometres. Each tomb is located at the foot of a separate hill and is linked with the other tombs by a road called the Sacred Way. The stone archway at the southern end of the Sacred Way, built in 1540, is 14 metres high and 19 metres wide, and is decorated with designs of clouds, waves and divine animals.
Beijing served as the national capital during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Unlike Ming and Qing rulers who all built massive tombs for themselves, Yuan rulers left no similar burial grounds. Why the difference?
This has to do with people's different views on death. Beijing nomads came from the Mongolian steppe. Mongols who established the Yuan Dynasty held the belief that they had come from: earth. they adopted a simple funeral method: the dead was placed inside a hollowed nanmu tree, which was then buried under grassland. Growth of grass soon left no traces of the tombs.
By contrast, during the Ming Dynasty established by Han Chinese coming from an agricultural society in central China, people believed the existence of an after-world, where the dead "lived" a life similar to that of the living. Ming emperor, therefore, has grand mausoleums built for themselves. Qing rulers did likewise.
The stone archway at the southern end of the Sacred Way, built in 1540, is 14 metres high and 19 metres wide, and is decorated with designs of clouds, waves and divine animals. Well-proportioned and finely carved, the archway is one of the best preserved specimens of its kink in the Ming Dynasty. It is also the largest ancient stone archway in China.
The Stele Pavilion, not far from the Great Palace Gate, is actually a pavilion with a double-eaved roof. On the back of the stele is carvedpoetry written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty when he visited the Ming Tombs.
The Sacred Way inside the gate of the Ming Tomb is lined with 18 pairs of stone human figures and animals. These include four each of three types of officials: civil, military and meritorious officials, symbolizing those who assist the emperor in the administration of the state, plus four each of six iypes of animals: lion, griffin, camel, elephant, unicorn and horse.
Yongling, built in 1536, is the tomb for Emperor Shizong, Zhu Houcong (1507-1566). He stayed in power for 45 years.
The Dingling Tomb is the tomb of Emperor Wanli (reigned 1573-1619), the 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, whose personal name was Zhu Yijun, and of his two empresses, Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing. The tomb was completed in six years (1584-1590), it occupies a total area of 1,195 square meters at the foot of Dayu Mountain southwest of the Changling Tomb.
Emperor Xianzong, Zhu Jianshen, and his three empresses are entombed within Maoling. Zhu Jianshen (1447-1487) was the first son of Emperor Yingzong. He stayed in power for 22 years.
We have covered some of the most significant tombs of the 13 Ming tombs in the tour. If you are also interested in the other tombs, the best way is to come and experience yourself.
Changling is the tomb of emperor Yongle (reigned 1403-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty whose personal name was Zhu Di, and of his empress. Built in 1413, the mausoleum extends over an area of 100,000 square metres. The soul tower, which tells people whose tomb it is, rests on a circular wall called the "city of treasures" which surrounds the burial mound. The "city of treasures" at Changling has a length of more than a kilometre.
The underground palace at Dingling Tomb consists of an antechamber, a ceniral chamber and a rear chamber plus the left and right annexes. One of the pictures shows the central chamber where the sacrificial utensils are on display. Two marble doors are made of single slabs and carved with life-size human figures, flowers and birds. More than 3,000 articles have been unearthed from the tumulus, the most precious being the golden crowns of the emperor and his queen.
Ming Tombs
The Ming Tombs are located in Changping District, about 50kilometers(31miles) to the northwest of Beijing. This imperial cemetery covers an area of 40square kilometers with 13 Ming emperors, 23 empresses, many imperial concubines, princes and princesses buried there. These tombs are the best preserved of all Chinese imperial tombs.
The Ming Dynasty started from 1368 to 1644, lasting 276 years. Altogether 16 emperors ruled in the Ming Dynasty. But out of the 16 emperors, 13 emperors were buried in Beijing Ming Tombs area. The first Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang had his tomb built in Nanjing and he was buried in Xiaoling of Nanjing. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, was born in 1328 and died in 1398. He buled China for 31 years. he came from a poor peasant familuy. In 1345 both his parens and his brother died of serious natural calamity within half a year when he was 17 years old. In order to make his livelihood, he went to a temple, there he took tonsure and became a Buddhist monk. He went out three years for begging alms in Henan, Anhui and south of the country. In 1348, he came back to the temple and was determined to study diligently. In 1351, the Red Turban Peasant Army appeared in China, later in 1352, he joined the Red Turban Peasant Army, fighting against the Yuan court. Finally he became the chief leader in the army. In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty with its capital in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. In 1398, after his 31 years on the throne, Zhu Yuanzhang died at the age of 71 and was buried in his tomb Xiaoling, eastern suburbs of the capital Nanjing.
According to the Chinese hereditary system, the eldest son should be the successor. But unfortunately, Zhu Yuanzhang’s eldest son Zhu Biao died in 1392, six years earlier than the emperor. So Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang chose his grandson Zhu Yunwen as the successor. In 1398, after Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang died, his 21-year-old grandson succeeded his throne and became the second emperor of the Ming Dynasty named Emperor Jian Wen. At that time Emperor Jian Wen was assisted by cout officials in governing the country. In order to centralize the power, he adopted the suggestion of his court officials to weaken the power of the regional garrison commanders who were actually his uncles, the sons of the first emperor. But these measures met with strong resistance from his uncle Zhu Di, the prince of Yan ,the fourth son of the first Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Di got so enraged when he heard the news that his power would be reduced. With an army of 100000stong, he was the most powerful garrison commander among all the princes, then under the excuse of wiping out the evils around the emperor, he launched punitive expedition to the capital in 1399 in the name of “wiping out evil for the country ”. the war lasted for three years, finally Zhu Di usurped the power from his nephew and became the 3rd emperor of the Ming Dynasty and adopted the reign title “yongle”. Emperor Jian Wen, the dethroned emperor disappeared with nowhere to be found. Some people said that he died in a big fire; another saying is that he had escaped to a temple and became a Buddhist monk. Anyway his whereabouts remained unknown till now in spite of Yongle’s search for him all over the country. So there is no tomb for the second emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
The seventh emperor Jing Tai was buried at Jinshang
Mountain in the western suburbs of Beijing. Jing Tai was the brother of Emperor Yingzong, the sixth Ming Emperor. In 1449, emperor Yingzong was captured by Mongol troops in a battle. However his brother Zhu Qiyu was put to the throne as the emperor and entitled Jing Tai. Next year when the sixth Ming Emperor Yingzong got free and came back, his brother had got on the throne already, and then he became a backstage ruler. Eight years later, in 1457 he staged a coup in the court and succeeded in making a restoration and overthrew his brother and also abrogated his brother. It is known in Chinese history as the “Coup of Seizing the Gate”. He reproclaimed hisself as the emperor and came to the throne again. Half a month later, Jing Tai died, Yingzong refused to honor his an imperial burial, so he was buried as a prince in Jingshan
Mountain on the western outskirts of Beijing. That is why there are 13 tombs in this imperial burial ground, commonly known as the “Thirteen Ming Tombs ” in Chinese.
Having been a frontier commander in Beijing for many years, Emperor Yongle realized that a peaceful northern frontier was very important to the
Ming Court
and Beijing commanded a very important strategic position to the whole country. In order to consolidate unity and strengthen his control over the whole country, the northern part in particular, he decided to move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing for the missed his former headquarters in Beijing as well. Construction of the imperial palace started in 1406. In 1407 Empress Xu died. In order to show his determination on moving the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, Emperor Zhu Di decided to bury her in Beijing instead of burying her in the former capital Nanjing where his father’s tomb was located. First he ordered a search made for an “auspicious burial site” amid beautiful scenery on the outskirts of Beijing. He sent a minister of rite together with a master geomancer to Beijing and ordered them to find a best spot for the imperial burial ground based on “Feng Shui ”. the practice of “Feng Shui” was similar to the western geomancy, which appeared very early in china. The geomancers developed a concept for an ideal residence for both the living and the dead. According to the practice of Feng Shui, the imperial burial ground should be closely related to the surrounding landscapes. Based on the geomancy, the present site of the Ming Tombs was chosen with greatest care. With geomancy taken into account, even the name of the valley, the name of the hill and the name of the nearby village all had to put into their considerations. It is said that Emperor Yongle was dissatisfied with the names of some places they had chosen for him. After serious consideration the present site was finally chosen. Rolling hills known as the Yellow Earth Hill formed a natural protection screen to the north; the Dragon Hill on the east and the Tiger Hill on the west, stood just like two generals guarding the gateway for the tomb area. Mountains to its east, west and north formed a semicircle with a flat basin inside. So this area was being screened by mountains on the three sides and with one side open to Beijing Plain in the south while Wenyu
River flowing by from northwest towards the Great Huabei Plain. The mountains to the far south are as a response to the mountains in the north. So the geomancers suggested that from geomantic point of view, such a place was considered as an “Auspicious Area” and really an ideal site and a best spit for the imperial burial ground. Emperor Zhu Di was greatly satisfied with this burial ground and ordered starting construction of his tomb. He changed the name of Yellow Earth Hill to Heavenly Longevity Hill. As the site was decided upon, in 1409 construction of his tomb Chang Ling was started. The Hall of Eminent Favor was completed in 1416 and the whole construction of Chang Ling was completed in 1427, the second year of Emperor Xuan De in March, but the underground tomb was completed in 1413. So Empress Xu was moved from Nangjing and buried here first. In 1424 Emperor Zhu Di died in the desert on his fifth expedition in person. After his all the emperors of the Ming Dynasty also had their tombs built in this area except Emperor Jing Tai, the seventh emperor who was buried in the western suburbs of Beijing, Jinshan
Mountain. The thirteen tombs took more than 200years to complete, scattered over 40 square kilometers. The thirteen tombs are named as: Chang Ling, Xian Ling, Jing Ling, Yu Ling, Mao Ling, Tai Ling, Kang Ling, Yong Ling, Zhao Ling, Ding Ling, Qing Ling, De Ling and Si Ling.
Sacred Way (shenlu 神路)
A Sacred Way
is always found in an imperial cemetery. The
Sacred Way
of the Ming Tombs is 7 kilometers long from the Memorial Stone Archway to the gate of Chang Ling. Along the sacred way are Marble Archway, Great Palace Gate, Tablet Tower, Stone Statues and Dragon and Phoenix Gate. The
Scared Way
was originally built for Chang Ling, Emperor Yong Le’s tomb, but since the other twelve tombs were also built in this area, either to the right or to the left of Chang Ling, the
Sacred Way
became the main road for all of the thirteen tombs. Although they were form one group, each tomb is independent form the other . During the funeral ceremony, the deceased emperor was carried over the road. Apart from the Si Ling in the southwest, they are clustered in one area around the Chang Ling, all of the thirteen tombs lie at the foot of a hill, but the distance between two tombs ranges from 500 meters to 4 milometers. This layout perfectly embodies the tomb system in the Ming Dynasty.
Marble Archway (shipaifang 石牌坊)
This is a memorial stone archway made of white marble. It was built in 1540 during the reign of Emperor Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty for promoting the meritorious and virtuous deeds of the feudal rulers, but still in an excellent condition. As a starting point, Marble Archway is a symbol of the tomb area.
It is 14 meters high and 29 meters wide and it has 5 arches supported by 6 marble pillars with beautiful relief carvings of dragons, lions and lotus flowers and clouds. It is the southernmost structure in the Ming Tombs and the earliest and best-preserved stone archway still existing in China. The Sacred Way used to pass beneath the Marble Archway.
THE MING TOMBS
The Ming Tombs are 40 kilometers north of Beijing City on the southern slopes of Tianshou Mountain. They are the burial grounds of 13 Ming Dynasty emperors. In July 20xx the site was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO.
Empress Xu died in the 5th year of Yongle (1407). Zhu Di sent
Zhao Hong, secretary of the Ministry of Rites and a geomancer----Liao Junqing along with many others to Beijing in search of an auspicious place for the tombs. It is said that this group of people first selected the area of Tu Jia Ying, which means slaughter-house, and as such, it couldn't be used as the burial ground. Next they selected the foot of Yangshan Mountain, Changping. However, since the surname of the emperor (Zhu) is a homophone for pig and because a village named 'wolf mouth ravine' was located there, they decided against using that area. Later, they found Yan-jiatai west of Beijing. Again, since 'Yanjia' was the homonym of the death of the emperor, it was also deemed unsuitable. It was not until the 7th year of Yongle (1409), that they finally chose the present Heavenly Longevity Mountain as their cemetery grounds.
The whole area covers 40 square kilometers. It has mountains to its east, west and north, and Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain are on either side of its southern entrance. The 13 tombs go from north to south. They are arranged in the manner of the Imperial Palace, with the administration area in the front and living quarters in the rear. In front of the tombs are divine passes, stone archways and steel towers. The Precious City and Ming Tower stand over the Underground Palace.
There were 16 emperors during the Ming Dynasty. Buried in the Ming tombs, are 13 Ming emperors and 23 empresses, as well as many concubines, princes, princesses and maids. The other 3 emperors, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Yunwen and Zhu Qiyu are buried in other locations.
The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, established his capital in present day Nanjing where he was buried after his death. His tomb is called Xiaoling (Tomb of Filial Piety).
The body of the second emperor of the Ming, Zhu Yunwen, is missing. Some said that he died in a fire, while others said that he went to a temple and became a monk. There is no final conclusion yet.
The seventh Ming Emperor Zhu Qiyu, was buried as a prince by his elder brother Zhu Qizhen at Jinshankou, a western suburb of Beijing, because in the Tumubao Upheaval, Emperor Zhu Qizhen became a captive and the younger brother of Zhu Qizhen. Zhu Qiyu was chosen as the new emperor, but later Zhu Qizhen was back and proclaimed his re-enthronement in the Seizing Gate Upheaval.
The Memorial Arch was built in the 19th year of Jiajing (1540) as a symbol of the Ming Tombs. It is 14 meters high and 28. 86 meters wide, and has 5 arches supported by 6 pillars with beautiful bas-relief carvings of lions, dragons and lotus flowers. The Memorial Arch is the biggest and the most exquisite stone arch preserved in the country today. The major designs of dragon and cloud decorations reflect the character of imperial architecture. In addition, it also demonstrates the skillful artistry of the Ming craftsmen.
The Big Palace Gate is the front gate of the Ming Tombs, and is more commonly known as Big Red Gate. Facing south, there are three arch entrances to the gate, the main inlet to the Ming Tombs. Flanking the gate are two stone tablets, inscribed with orders for the emperor, officials and other people to dismount, before entering into the tomb area. If they did not obey, they would be punished for their disrespect. The rules governing the Ming Tombs in the Ming Dynasty, stipulate that one who sneaks into the tomb area to pick firewood and break twigs would be flogged. Those who came to fetch dirt and stone would be beheaded. Those who entered arbitrarily into the tomb area would be flogged a hundred times.
The Tablet House was built in the 10th year of Xuande (1435), and stands about 10 meters high with two tiers of eaves. A huge tablet stands in the middle of the Tablet House. The front side bears an inscription by Emperor Renzong for Chengzu. The reverse side is a poem by Qing Emperor Qianlong recording in detail the conditions of the broken Changling, Yongling, Dingling and Xiling. On the east side is the record of expenditures for repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qing government. On the west side is an epitaph by Qing Emperor Jiaqing. It was written in the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804) describing the cause of the fall of the Ming Dynasty.
On the north side of the Tablet House, stands a group of stone carvings (36 in all). Behind the house, there are two stone pillars. Beyond the pillars are stone animals and other statues. Lions, Xie Zhi, camels, elephants, and Qi Lin horses .All of the animals are in two pairs. Two stand, while the other two kneel. It is followed by the statues of military officers, civil officials and officials of merit, four in each group. These stone animals and statues were made in the 10th year of Xuande (1435). They reflect the imperial power when he was alive and the imperial dignity after he was deceased. The animals and statues were created using whole blocks of stone weighing a couple of tons and each was delicately and masterfully carved.
Here stands Ling Xing Gate, also known as the unique Dragon and Phoenix Gate, with the meaning of the Gate of Heaven. The gate is pierced with six door leaves, attached to three archways. The top of the central section of the three archways is decorated with flames and precious pearl, so it is also known as the Flame Archway. To the north of the Dragon and Phoenix Gate there lays a seven-arch marble bridge, leading to the gate of Changling. To the east of the seven-arch bridge stands an old five-arch bridge, which was the original site of the seven-arch bridge.
Actually we are standing on the axle line of the Ming Tombs, otherwise known as the Sacred Way or the Tomb path. We passed the Memorial Arch, the Big Palace Gate, the Tablet House, Sacred Way, stone animals and statues, and Ling Xing Gate. This seven-kilometer long sacred pathway leads from south to north, all the way to the Gate of Changling.
Now, we are moving to Chang Ling. Changling is the first tomb built in the Ming Tombs area, covering 10 hectares and containing Emperor Zhu Di and his empress Xu.
Zhu Di (Chengzu) of the Ming Dynasty was the fourth son of the first Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, born in 1360. Zhu Di was conferred the title of the prince of Yan in the 3rd year of Hongwu (1370). He was appointed at Beiping. After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang (the first Ming Emperor), Zhu Di used the pretext of eliminating evil officials at the side of Emperor Jianwen to lead an army expedition down south to Nanjing. He seized the throne in the 4th year of Jianwen (1402) and ascended the throne in June inside the Hall of Ancestral Worship in Nanjing. Zhu Di was an emperor of outstanding accomplishment in the Ming Dynasty. As soon as he became the prince of Yan, he led the generals out to battle. He had great achievements in calming down the north. After he took over his nephew's power and became the emperor, he still went out to battle throughout the country and consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty. He made the important decision to move the capital to Beijing. During the rule of Zhu Di, magnificent developments were made in the economy, culture and in diplomacy. In terms of culture, Zhu Di successively sent Grand Academician Xie Jin, Yan Guangxiao and others to compile the Yongle encyclopedia. The book has become the largest book ever complied in Chinese history. For expanding external exchanges and trade, Zhu Di selected eunuch Zheng He to lead a large fleet filled with precious gold, silver, silk and satins to sail to southeast Asia and Africa seven times in the early years of Yongle.
Empress Xu was buried together with Emperor Zhu Di in Changling. Empress Xushi was the eldest daughter of Xu Da who was one of the founding fathers of the Ming Dynasty. Throughout her lifespan, Xu Shi complied 20 articles of internal lectures and a book advising to be good, so as to cultivate people's minds. She was the very first one to be buried in Changling and in the Ming Tomb area.
The Hall of Eminent Favor in Changling is the best preserved among the thirteen tombs. It is a valuable relic of ancient China's wooden structures. It is nine rooms wide and five rooms long, a hall size rarely seen in China. The roof is made of top-class double eaves and there are multiple rooms covered with yellow glazed tiles. The hall is supported by 60 thick Nanmu pillars, the middle four in the hall are the thickest, the diameter of each one can reach over one meter. It is known as the best Nanmu (phoebe) hall in the country.
Now we are going to Dinging. Dingling is located at the east foot of Dayu Mountain. Buried here are the 13th Ming Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) and his two empresses Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. Zhu Yijun was the longest on the throne of the Ming Emperors. (He was emperor for 48 years). He was the greediest and laziest emperor in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yijun ascended the throne at the age of 9. After he came to power, he was supported by the chief minister Zhang Juzheng. At this time, various aspects of society gained development.
Later ,Zhang Juzheng died of illness. Not long after Wanli managed state affairs on his own, he used the chance to select the location for his tomb site when he went to pay homage to the ancestors' tombs. He spent eight million taels of silver (250,000 kilos of silver) and six years to build a high quality tomb Dingling. After the Dingling was completed, Zhu Yijun personally went to inspect it, and felt very satisfied with the result. He went so far as to hold a grand banquet in the Underground Palace, which was unheard of in history.
Zhu Yijun was a typical muddle-headed emperor. Reflecting on his reign, he did not pay attention to state affairs for 28 out of his 48 year rule. The state organ was effectively semi-paralyzed during his reign. Later generations commented that the fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by this emperor.
Zhu Yijun had two empresses. Empress Xiaojing was originally a maid of Wanli's mother Cisheng. Later she gave birth to a son of the emperor. That son was the one-month emperor Guangzong (Zhu Changluo). She died of illness 9 years earlier than Shenzong died. She was buried as a concubine at Pinggangdi, around the east pit, at the Heavenly Longevity Mount. After Xiaojing was conferred the title of “grandmother of the emperor”, her body was moved to the Underground Palace of Dingling, and buried together with Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiaoduan on the same day. Xiaoduan was conferred the title of empress, but she could not give birth to either a son or a daughter to the emperor. Xiaoduan died of illness. A hundred days later, Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) died too. Empress Xiaoduan, Emperor Wanli, and Empress Xiaojing were buried together in the Underground Palace.
The tablet in front of Dingling has no words on it. It is called the wordless tablet. There is a pair of coiling dragons along the top and a pattern of sea waves carved on the bottom. Its base is composed of a tortoise (Bixi). It is said that the dragon has nine sons. In twelve of the Ming Tombs, excluding Changling, all the tablets are wordless. Originally there were no tablet houses in front of the Tombs, but later the tablet houses and steeles of the first six tombs were completed. But the emperor Jiajing at the time indulged in drinking, lust and searching for longevity pills, so he had no time to pay attention on the inscriptions. Consequently the six tablets are wordless. And in keeping with this tradition, that’s why the tablets later on are also blank.
Now we are arriving at The Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of Eminent Favor of Dingling, The Hall of Eminent Favor is also called Hall of Enjoyment. It was the place where the emperor and his entourage held grand sacrificial rites. They were mostly destroyed when the Qing soldiers came. And they were destroyed again later, so now only the ruins remain.
Moving on, this is the exhibition rooms that were built after the excavation of the Underground Palace. The exhibition explains in detail the history of the tomb master and introduces the tomb excavation process. The exhibition rooms are divided into two parts, the south and the north. In the south room, on display are the sacrificial objects of Emperor Wanli unearthed from the Underground Palace. In the north room, on display are the sacrificial items of the two empresses. All of then are fancy and invaluable.
Now we arrive at The Soul Tower, this is the symbol of the tomb. It is a stone structure with colorful painted decorations. The Soul Tower and the Precious citadel of Dingling have never been damaged seriously. The Soul Tower is the best preserved architecture above the ground of Dingling. On top of the yellow, glazed tiled roof of the Soul Tower sits a big stone tablet. Two Chinese characters----Dingling, are carved on the tablet. Inside the Soul Tower, on top of another stone tablet, there are two big characters----'the Great Ming' written in seal characters. On the body of the tablet, seven Chinese characters-----'Tomb of Emperor Shenzong Xian' are carved. The Soul Tower is connected with the Precious Citadel. The Precious Citadel is a large round wall built with bricks. The Precious Citadel wall is 7.5 m high, and lower part is thick while the upper part is thin. The round wall's perimeter is over 800 meters, and inside the wall is a large artificial mound, the emperor's tomb mound, known as Precious Top.
Dingling is the only Ming Tomb to be excavated. Formal excavation work started in May 1956 and ended in 1958. First, the working personnel discovered an exposed gateway at the side wall to the southwest of the Precious Citadel of Dingling. So they dug the first tunnel facing the position of the gateway. At the bottom of the tunnel, they discovered a tunnel made of bricks. Three months later, along the direction of the tunnel, to the west of the Soul Tower, they dug the second tunnel. During the digging, they encountered with a stone tablet which inscribed the words ' from here 48. 8m forward and 10. 7m downward lies the precious wall'. Therefore it gave the correct direction of opening up the Underground Palace.
According to the direction of the stone tablet, after digging the third tunnel, they found a stone tunnel. At last they got to the precious wall. Thus they opened the precious wall with a square stone room. To the west end of the room, lay two marble doors. The working personnel used a wire and wood plank to remove the ' self-acting' stone bar, which was against the back of the door. With this method, they opened the entrance of the Underground Palace.
The palace has no beam which was built according to the principles of geomancy Altogether there are five chambers. The chambers are separated by seven marble doors. The Underground Palace is 27 meters deep, covering an area of 1,195 square meters. There is a same structure stone door in between the front, middle and rear chambers. The door is made of marble. The biggest marble door is 3. 3 meters high, 1.7 meters wide, 4 tons in weight. It looks heavy, but it is reasonably designed. The pivot of the stone door is inclined to the door axle, so the door is easy to open and close. On top of the door is a lintel (made of bronze) tube weighing about 10 tons to prevent the door from falling. Carved on the front of the marble door are 9 rows of 81 knobs and strange animals with rings in their mouths. Located on the reverse side, opposite the animals, is a protruding section that holds the door's 'self-acting' stone bar.
The front and middle chambers are 7. 2 meters high and 6 meters wide. The floor is covered with gold bricks. According to records, the gold bricks are smooth and durable. The more you polish them, the brighter they become. There are no decorations in the front and two annex chambers. In the middle chamber, there are three marble thrones for Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses, known as the precious thrones. In the front of the thrones, there are five yellow glazed offerings and one blue-and-white porcelain jar of Jiajing Year's style with a cloud-and-dragon design. It is about 0.7 meters in diameter. Originally there was sesame oil in the jar. On the surface of the oil was a copper tube with a wick inside. It is called the 'everlasting lamp'. Due to the lack of oxygen, the light went out so the oil had not been used all.
The rear chamber is the biggest of the three. It is 9.5 meters high, 31 meters long, 9.l meters wide, the floor is paved with polished stones. In the rear chamber, there is a coffin platform edged with white marble. Placed on the platform are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses as well as 26 vermilion boxes filled with funeral objects.
In the middle of the coffin platform, there is a rectangular hole filled with soil called Gold Well. Putting jade stone around the coffin or inside the coffin or in the mouth of the deceased is called being ' buried with jade. ' Ancient people believed Gold Well was the pit of geomancy. It could prevent the body from decay for a long time. Being 'buried with jade' on a Gold Well was the highest standard of entombment one could receive in the feudal era.
Originally the empress's coffin should have been placed in the rear chamber. Then why were the coffins of the two empresses also in the same chamber as the emperor's? In 1620, first empress Xiaoduan died in April, then in July Emperor Wanli also died. After that, the son of Zhu Changluo died 29 days after his succession. In only a few months, two emperors and one empress had died in succession. In addition they had removed Empress Xiaojing's coffin to Dingling. All the burdens of the funeral burials fell on the just enthroned Emperor Zhu Youjian. The preparation work was done in a hurried fashion (this was clearly recorded in historical documents). The rainy season had already arrived before the funeral could occur and the passage leading to the empress' annex chamber may not have been convenient to open. So the coffins of the emperor, empresses all entered the Underground Palace through the front entrance. After the coffins entered the Underground Palace, since the passage to the annex chambers were narrow, the coffins of the empresses would not fit through it. So they had to put all the three coffins together into the rear chamber.
Now please follow me out of the underground palace. And our tour for today is completed. I hope you have found our time together informative and enjoyable. We now have half an hour for a rest, and then we will get together here at 4:00pm. Thank you.