ted演讲（精选30篇）
寒假里，一向喜欢运动的我只报了一个运动班——羽毛球班，可这次的教练，让我收获了一个意想不到的知识。
记得寒假的第一节羽毛球课，教我打羽毛球的教练有翻天覆地的变化，原先教我的是吴教练，可这是最厉害的阮教练教我们，阮教练原先是教高级，最喜欢用杀球来打那些不听话的人，虽然我没有尝试过，但看那力度，就会让我忐忑不安。
当我第一次和阮教练打球时，经常有十几个球打不到对面，而我却为了接到球跑的气喘吁吁，“下一个”阮教练每次都用复杂的声音，对我说着，眼神里流露出一丝无奈。
过了几天后，阮教练好像在家里想了很久，在今天做了一个决定，“每个人有一个球打不过网，就两个俯卧撑。”我一听，立刻傻了，我一般有十几个球没打过来，那不是要做二十几个俯卧撑，那不累死。但教练已经下了命令，不能不遵从，只好尽力而为吧!我痛苦的想着。“下一个。”教练忽然叫道。我定眼看了看，到我了，时间怎么过的这样快?只好尽力而为。
“前面两个球，后面开放。”教练大声叫道，“妈呀!”我小声嘀咕着，“为什么一到我就变换一个打法?”可这是，阮教练已经发球，我只好认认真真地打球，想一切方法让我可以准确地打到每一个球。我不停地跑，喜欢出汗的我已经汗流满面，可我还是努力接到球。“一个，哈哈，你终于有一个了。”教练说道，“还有几个，加油哦!这时，我万分激动，刚刚有十几个，这次只有一个，太好了。我的眼睛里留下了成功的泪花。
这件事已经过去了几天几夜，但我的脑海里对这件事仍然记忆犹新，阮教练叫我们做俯卧撑，其实就是给我们加大压力，有一句俗话说：有了压力，就有了动力。“因为做俯卧撑累，辛苦，所以我为了不做俯卧撑，当然就会想方设法接到球。
one day in 1819, 3,000 miles off the coast of chile, in one of the mostremote regions of the pacific ocean, 20 american sailors watched their shipflood with seawater.
1819年的某一天， 在距离智利海岸3000英里的地方， 有一个太平洋上的最偏远的水域， 20名美国船员目睹了他们的船只进水的场面。
they'd been struck by a sperm whale, which had ripped a catastrophic holein the ship's hull. as their ship began to sink beneath the swells, the menhuddled together in three small whaleboats.
他们和一头抹香鲸相撞，给船体撞了 一个毁灭性的大洞。 当船在巨浪中开始沉没时， 人们在三条救生小艇中抱作一团。
these men were 10,000 miles from home, more than 1,000 miles from thenearest scrap of land. in their small boats, they carried only rudimentarynavigational equipment and limited supplies of food and water.
这些人在离家10000万英里的地方， 离最近的陆地也超过1000英里。 在他们的小艇中，他们只带了 落后的导航设备 和有限的食物和饮水。
these were the men of the whaleship esse_, whose story would later inspireparts of "moby dick."
他们就是捕鲸船esse_上的人们， 后来的他们的故事成为《白鲸记》的一部分。
even in today's world, their situation would be really dire, but thinkabout how much worse it would have been then.
即使在当今的世界，碰上这种情况也够杯具的，更不用说在当时的情况有多糟糕。
no one on land had any idea that anything had gone wrong. no search partywas coming to look for these men. so most of us have never e_perienced asituation as frightening as the one in which these sailors found themselves, butwe all know what it's like to be afraid.
岸上的人根本就还没意识到出了什么问题。 没有任何人来搜寻他们。 我们当中大部分人没有经历过 这些船员所处的可怕情景，但我们都知道害怕是什么感觉。
we know how fear feels, but i'm not sure we spend enough time thinkingabout what our fears mean.
我们知道恐惧的感觉， 但是我不能肯定我们会花很多时间想过 我们的恐惧到底意味着什么。
as we grow up, we're often encouraged to think of fear as a weakness, justanother childish thing to discard like baby teeth or roller skates.
我们长大以后，我们总是会被鼓励把恐惧 视为软弱，需要像乳牙或轮滑鞋一样 扔掉的幼稚的东西。
and i think it's no accident that we think this way. neuroscientists haveactually shown that human beings are hard-wired to be optimists.
我想意外事故并非我们所想的那样。 神经系统科学家已经知道人类 生来就是乐观主义者。
so maybe that's why we think of fear, sometimes, as a danger in and ofitself. "don't worry," we like to say to one another. "don't panic." in english,fear is something we conquer. it's something we fight.
这也许就是为什么我们认为有时候恐惧， 本身就是一种危险或带来危险。 “不要愁。”我们总是对别人说。“不要慌”。 英语中，恐惧是我们需要征服的东西。是我们必须对抗的东西，是我们必须克服的东西。
it's something we overcome. but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way?what if we thought of fear as an amazing act of the imagination, something thatcan be as profound and insightful as storytelling itself?
但是我们如果换个视角看恐惧会如何呢? 如果我们把恐惧当做是想象力的一个惊人成果， 是和我们讲故事一样 精妙而有见地的东西，又会如何呢?
it's easiest to see this link between fear and the imagination in youngchildren, whose fears are often e_traordinarily vivid.
在小孩子当中，我们最容易看到恐惧与想象之间的联系， 他们的恐惧经常是超级生动的。
when i was a child, i lived in california, which is, you know, mostly avery nice place to live, but for me as a child, california could also be alittle scary.
我小时候住在加利福尼亚， 你们都知道，是非常适合居住的位置， 但是对一个小孩来说，加利福尼亚也会有点吓人。
i remember how frightening it was to see the chandelier that hung above ourdining table swing back and forth during every minor earthquake, and i sometimescouldn't sleep at night, terrified that the big one might strike while we weresleeping.
我记得每次小地震的时候 当我看到我们餐桌上的吊灯 晃来晃去的时候是多么的吓人， 我经常会彻夜难眠，担心大地震 会在我们睡觉的时候突然袭来。
and what we say about kids who have fears like that is that they have avivid imagination. but at a certain point, most of us learn to leave these kindsof visions behind and grow up.
我们说小孩子感受到这种恐惧 是因为他们有生动的想象力。 但是在某个时候，我们大多数学会了 抛弃这种想法而变得成熟。
we learn that there are no monsters hiding under the bed, and not everyearthquake brings buildings down. but maybe it's no coincidence that some of ourmost creative minds fail to leave these kinds of fears behind as adults.
我们都知道床下没有魔鬼， 也不是每个地震都会震垮房子。但是我们当中最有想象力的人们 并没有因为成年而抛弃这种恐惧，这也许并不是巧合。
the same incredible imaginations that produced "the origin of species,""jane eyre" and "the remembrance of things past," also generated intense worriesthat haunted the adult lives of charles darwin, charlotte bront and marcelproust. so the question is, what can the rest of us learn about fear fromvisionaries and young children?
同样不可思议的想象力创造了《物种起源》， 《简·爱》和《追忆似水年华》， 也就是这种与生俱来的深深的担忧一直缠绕着成年的 查尔斯·达尔文，夏洛特·勃朗特和马塞尔·普罗斯特。 问题就来了， 我们其他人如何能从这些 梦想家和小孩子身上学会恐惧?
well let's return to the year 1819 for a moment, to the situation facingthe crew of the whaleship esse_. let's take a look at the fears that theirimaginations were generating as they drifted in the middle of the pacific.
让我们暂时回到1819年， 回到esse_捕鲸船的水手们面对的情况。 让我们看看他们漂流在太平洋中央时 他们的想象力给他们带来的恐惧感觉。
twenty-four hours had now passed since the capsizing of the ship. the timehad come for the men to make a plan, but they had very few options.
船倾覆后已经过了24个小时。 这时人们制定了一个计划， 但是其实他们没什么太多的选择。
in his fascinating account of the disaster, nathaniel philbrick wrote thatthese men were just about as far from land as it was possible to be anywhere onearth.
在纳撒尼尔·菲尔布里克(nathaniel philbrick)描述这场灾难的 动人文章中，他写到“这些人离陆地如此之远，似乎永远都不可能到达地球上的任何一块陆地。”
the men knew that the nearest islands they could reach were the marquesasislands, 1,200 miles away. but they'd heard some frightening rumors.
这些人知道离他们最近的岛 是1200英里以外的马克萨斯群岛(marquesas islands)。 但是他们听到了让人恐怖的谣言。
they'd been told that these islands, and several others nearby, werepopulated by cannibals. so the men pictured coming ashore only to be murderedand eaten for dinner. another possible destination was hawaii, but given theseason, the captain was afraid they'd be struck by severe storms.
他们听说这些群岛， 以及附近的一些岛屿上都住着食人族。 所以他们脑中都是上岸以后就会被杀掉 被人当做盘中餐的画面。 另一个可行的目的地是夏威夷，但是船长担心 他们会被困在风暴当中。
now the last option was the longest, and the most difficult: to sail 1,500miles due south in hopes of reaching a certain band of winds that couldeventually push them toward the coast of south america.
所以最后的选择是到最远，也是最艰险的地方： 往南走1500英里希望某股风 能最终把他们 吹到南美洲的海岸。
but they knew that the sheer length of this journey would stretch theirsupplies of food and water. to be eaten by cannibals, to be battered by storms,to starve to death before reaching land.
但是他们知道这个行程中一旦偏航 将会耗尽他们食物和饮水的供给。 被食人族吃掉，被风暴掀翻， 在登陆前饿死。
these were the fears that danced in the imaginations of these poor men, andas it turned out, the fear they chose to listen to would govern whether theylived or died.
这就是萦绕在这群可怜的人想象中的恐惧， 事实证明，他们选择听从的恐惧 将决定他们的生死。
now we might just as easily call these fears by a different name. what ifinstead of calling them fears, we called them stories?
也许我们可以很容易的用别的名称来称呼这些恐惧。 我们不称之为恐惧， 而是称它们为故事如何?
because that's really what fear is, if you think about it. it's a kind ofunintentional storytelling that we are all born knowing how to do. and fears andstorytelling have the same components.
如果你仔细想想，这是恐惧真正的意义。 这是一种与生俱来的， 无意识的讲故事的能力。 恐惧和讲故事有着同样的构成。
they have the same architecture. like all stories, fears have characters.in our fears, the characters are us. fears also have plots. they have beginningsand middles and ends. you board the plane.
他们有同样的结构。 如同所有的故事，恐惧中有角色。 在恐惧中，角色就是我们自己。 恐惧也有情节。他们有开头，有中间，有结尾。 你登上飞机。
the plane takes off. the engine fails. our fears also tend to containimagery that can be every bit as vivid as what you might find in the pages of anovel. picture a cannibal, human teeth sinking into human skin, human fleshroasting over a fire.
飞机起飞。结果引擎故障。 我们的恐惧会包括各种生动的想象， 不比你看到的任何一个小说逊色。 想象食人族，人类牙齿 咬在人类皮肤上，人肉在火上烤。
fears also have suspense. if i've done my job as a storyteller today, youshould be wondering what happened to the men of the whaleship esse_. our fearsprovoke in us a very similar form of suspense.
恐惧中也有悬念。 如果我今天像讲故事一样，留个悬念不说了， 你们也许会很想知道 esse_捕鲸船上，人们到底怎么样了。我们的恐惧用悬念一样的方式刺激我们。
just like all great stories, our fears focus our attention on a questionthat is as important in life as it is in literature: what will happen ne_t?
就像一个很好的故事，我们的恐惧也如同一部好的文学作品一样， 将我们的注意力集中在对我们生命至关重要的问题上： 后来发生了什么?
in other words, our fears make us think about the future. and humans, bythe way, are the only creatures capable of thinking about the future in thisway, of projecting ourselves forward in time, and this mental time travel isjust one more thing that fears have in common with storytelling.
换而言之，我们的恐惧让我们想到未来。 另外，人来是唯一有能力 通过这种方式想到未来的生物， 就是预测时间推移后我们的状况， 这种精神上的时间旅行是恐惧与讲故事的另一个共同点。
as a writer, i can tell you that a big part of writing fiction is learningto predict how one event in a story will affect all the other events, and fearworks in that same way.
我是一个作家，我要告诉你们写小说一个很重要的部分 就是学会预测故事中一件 事情如何影响另一件事情， 恐惧也是同样这么做的。
in fear, just like in fiction, one thing always leads to another. when iwas writing my first novel, "the age of miracles," i spent months trying tofigure out what would happen if the rotation of the earth suddenly began to slowdown. what would happen to our days?
恐惧中，如同小说一样，一件事情总是导致另一件事情。 我写我的第一部小说《奇迹时代》的时候， 我花了数月的时间想象如果地球旋转突然变慢了之后会发生什么。 我们的一天变得如何?
what would happen to our crops? what would happen to our minds? and then itwas only later that i realized how very similar these questions were to the onesi used to ask myself as a child frightened in the night.
我们身体会怎样? 我们的思想会有什么变化? 也就是在那之后，我意识到 我过去总是问自己的那些些问题 和孩子们在夜里害怕是多么的相像。
if an earthquake strikes tonight, i used to worry, what will happen to ourhouse? what will happen to my family? and the answer to those questions alwaystook the form of a story.
要是在过去，如果今晚发生地震，我会很担心， 我的房子会怎么样啊?家里人会怎样啊? 这类问题的答案通常都会和故事一样。
so if we think of our fears as more than just fears but as stories, weshould think of ourselves as the authors of those stories. but just asimportantly, we need to think of ourselves as the readers of our fears, and howwe choose to read our fears can have a profound effect on our lives.
所以我们认为我们的恐惧不仅仅是恐惧 还是故事，我们应该把自己当作 这些故事的作者。 但是同样重要的是，我们需要想象我们自己是我们恐惧的解读者，我们选择如何 去解读这些恐惧会对我们的生活产生深远的影响。
now, some of us naturally read our fears more closely than others. i readabout a study recently of successful entrepreneurs, and the author found thatthese people shared a habit that he called "productive paranoia," which meantthat these people, instead of dismissing their fears, these people read themclosely, they studied them, and then they translated that fear into preparationand action.
现在，我们中有些人比其他人更自然的解读自己的恐惧。 最近我看过一个关于成功的企业家的研究， 作者发现这些人都有个习惯 叫做“未雨绸缪“，意思是，这些人，不回避自己的恐惧， 而是认真解读并研究恐惧， 然后把恐惧转换成准备和行动。
so that way, if their worst fears came true, their businesses wereready.
这样，如果最坏的事情发生了， 他们的企业也有所准备。
and sometimes, of course, our worst fears do come true. that's one of thethings that is so e_traordinary about fear. once in a while, our fears canpredict the future.
当然，很多时候，最坏的事情确实发生了。 这是恐惧非凡的一面。 曾几何时，我们的恐惧预测将来。
but we can't possibly prepare for all of the fears that our imaginationsconcoct. so how can we tell the difference between the fears worth listening toand all the others? i think the end of the story of the whaleship esse_ offersan illuminating, if tragic, e_ample.
但是我们不可能为我们想象力构建的所有 恐惧来做准备。 所以，如何区分值得听从的恐惧 和不值得的呢? 我想捕鲸船esse_的故事结局提供了一个有启发性，同时又悲惨的例子。
after much deliberation, the men finally made a decision. terrified ofcannibals, they decided to forgo the closest islands and instead embarked on thelonger and much more difficult route to south america.
经过数次权衡，他们最终做出了决定。 由于害怕食人族，他们决定放弃最近的群岛 而是开始更长 更艰难的南美洲之旅。
after more than two months at sea, the men ran out of food as they knewthey might, and they were still quite far from land. when the last of thesurvivors were finally picked up by two passing ships, less than half of the menwere left alive, and some of them had resorted to their own form ofcannibalism.
在海上呆了两个多月后，他们 的食物如预料之中消耗殆尽， 而且他们仍然离陆地那么远。 当最后的幸存者最终被过往船只救起时， 只有一小半的人还活着，实际上他们中的一些人自己变成了食人族。
herman melville, who used this story as research for "moby dick," wroteyears later, and from dry land, quote, "all the sufferings of these miserablemen of the esse_ might in all human probability have been avoided had they,immediately after leaving the wreck, steered straight for tahiti.
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(herman melville)将这个故事作为 《白鲸记》的素材，在数年后写到： esse_船上遇难者的悲惨结局或许是可以通过人为的努力避免的， 如果他们当机立断地离开沉船， 直奔塔西提群岛。
but," as melville put it, "they dreaded cannibals." so the question is, whydid these men dread cannibals so much more than the e_treme likelihood ofstarvation?
“但是”，梅尔维尔说道：“他们害怕食人族” 问题是，为什么这些人对于食人族的恐惧 超过了更有可能的饥饿威胁呢?
why were they swayed by one story so much more than the other? looked atfrom this angle, theirs becomes a story about reading. the novelist vladimirnabokov said that the best reader has a combination of two very differenttemperaments, the artistic and the scientific.
为什么他们会被一个故事 影响如此之大呢? 从另一个角度来看， 这是一个关于解读的故事。 小说家弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫(vladimirnabokov)说 最好的读者能把两种截然不同的性格结合起来， 一个是艺术气质，一个是科学精神。
a good reader has an artist's passion, a willingness to get caught up inthe story, but just as importantly, the readers also needs the coolness ofjudgment of a scientist, which acts to temper and complicate the reader'sintuitive reactions to the story. as we've seen, the men of the esse_ had notrouble with the artistic part.
好的读者有艺术家的热情， 愿意融入故事当中， 但是同样重要的是，这些读者还要 有科学家的冷静判断， 这能帮助他们稳定情绪并分析 其对故事的直觉反应。我们可以看出来，esse_上的人在艺术部分一点问题都没有。
they dreamed up a variety of horrifying scenarios. the problem was thatthey listened to the wrong story. of all the narratives their fears wrote, theyresponded only to the most lurid, the most vivid, the one that was easiest fortheir imaginations to picture: cannibals.
他们梦想到一系列恐怖的场景。 问题在于他们听从了一个错误的故事。 所有他们恐惧中 他们只对其中最耸人听闻，最生动的故事，也是他们想象中最早出现的场景： 食人族。
but perhaps if they'd been able to read their fears more like a scientist,with more coolness of judgment, they would have listened instead to the lessviolent but the more likely tale, the story of starvation, and headed fortahiti, just as melville's sad commentary suggests.
也许，如果他们能像科学家那样 稍微冷静一点解读这个故事， 如果他们能听从不太惊悚但是更可能发生的 半路饿死的故事，他们可能就会直奔塔西提群岛，如梅尔维尔充满惋惜的评论所建议的那样。
and maybe if we all tried to read our fears, we too would be less oftenswayed by the most salacious among them.
也许如果我们都试着解读自己的恐惧， 我们就能少被 其中的一些幻象所迷惑。
maybe then we'd spend less time worrying about serial killers and planecrashes, and more time concerned with the subtler and slower disasters we face:the silent buildup of plaque in our arteries, the gradual changes in ourclimate.
我们也就能少花一点时间在 为系列杀手或者飞机失事方面的担忧， 而是更多的关心那些悄然而至 的灾难： 动脉血小板的逐渐堆积， 气候的逐渐变迁。
just as the most nuanced stories in literature are often the richest, sotoo might our subtlest fears be the truest. read in the right way, our fears arean amazing gift of the imagination, a kind of everyday clairvoyance, a way ofglimpsing what might be the future when there's still time to influence how thatfuture will play out.
如同文学中最精妙的故事通常是最丰富的故事， 我们最细微的恐惧才是最真实的恐惧。 用正确的方法的解读，我们的恐惧就是我们想象力赐给我们的礼物，借此一双慧眼， 让我们能管窥未来 甚至影响未来。
properly read, our fears can offer us something as precious as our favoriteworks of literature: a little wisdom, a bit of insight and a version of thatmost elusive thing -- the truth. thank you.
如果能得到正确的解读，我们的恐惧能 和我们最喜欢的文学作品一样给我们珍贵的东西： 一点点智慧，一点点洞悉 以及对最玄妙东西—— 真相的诠释。谢谢。
(applause)
(掌声)
简介：残奥会短跑冠军aimeemullins天生没有腓骨，从小就要学习靠义肢走路和奔跑。如今，她不仅是短跑选手、演员、模特，还是一位稳健的演讲者。她不喜欢字典中“disabled”这个词，因为负面词汇足以毁掉一个人。但是，坦然面对不幸，你会发现等待你的是更多的机会。
i'd like to share with you a discovery that i made a few months ago whilewriting an article for italian wired. i always keep my thesaurus handy wheneveri'm writing anything, but i'd already finished editing the piece, and i realizedthat i had never once in my life looked up the word "disabled" to see what i'dfind.
let me read you the entry. "disabled, adjective: crippled, helpless,useless, wrecked, stalled, maimed, wounded, mangled, lame, mutilated, run-down,worn-out, weakened, impotent, castrated, paralyzed, handicapped, senile,decrepit, laid-up, done-up, done-for, done-in cracked-up, counted-out; see alsohurt, useless and weak. antonyms, healthy, strong, capable." i was reading thislist out loud to a friend and at first was laughing, it was so ludicrous, buti'd just gotten past "mangled," and my voice broke, and i had to stop andcollect myself from the emotional shock and impact that the assault from thesewords unleashed.
you know, of course, this is my raggedy old thesaurus so i'm thinking thismust be an ancient print date, right? but, in fact, the print date was the early1980s, when i would have been starting primary school and forming anunderstanding of myself outside the family unit and as related to the other kidsand the world around me. and, needless to say, thank god i wasn't using athesaurus back then. i mean, from this entry, it would seem that i was born intoa world that perceived someone like me to have nothing positive whatsoever goingfor them, when in fact, today i'm celebrated for the opportunities andadventures my life has procured.
so, i immediately went to look up the __ online edition, e_pecting to finda revision worth noting. here's the updated version of this entry.unfortunately, it's not much better. i find the last two words under "nearantonyms," particularly unsettling: "whole" and "wholesome."
so, it's not just about the words. it's what we believe about people whenwe name them with these words. it's about the values behind the words, and howwe construct those values. our language affects our thinking and how we view theworld and how we view other people. in fact, many ancient societies, includingthe greeks and the romans, believed that to utter a curse verbally was sopowerful, because to say the thing out loud brought it into e_istence. so, whatreality do we want to call into e_istence: a person who is limited, or a personwho's empowered? by casually doing something as simple as naming a person, achild, we might be putting lids and casting shadows on their power. wouldn't wewant to open doors for them instead?
one such person who opened doors for me was my childhood doctor at the a.i.dupont institute in wilmington, delaware. his name was dr. pizzutillo, anitalian american, whose name, apparently, was too difficult for most americansto pronounce, so he went by dr. p. and dr. p always wore really colorful bowties and had the very perfect disposition to work with children.
i loved almost everything about my time spent at this hospital, with thee_ception of my physical therapy sessions. i had to do what seemed likeinnumerable repetitions of e_ercises with these thick, elastic bands --different colors, you know -- to help build up my leg muscles, and i hated thesebands more than anything -- i hated them, had names for them. i hated them. and,you know, i was already bargaining, as a five year-old child, with dr. p to tryto get out of doing these e_ercises, unsuccessfully, of course. and, one day, hecame in to my session -- e_haustive and unforgiving, these sessions -- and hesaid to me, "wow. aimee, you are such a strong and powerful little girl, i thinkyou're going to break one of those bands. when you do break it, i'm going togive you a hundred bucks."
now, of course, this was a simple ploy on dr. p's part to get me to do thee_ercises i didn't want to do before the prospect of being the richestfive-year-old in the second floor ward, but what he effectively did for me wasreshape an awful daily occurrence into a new and promising e_perience for me.and i have to wonder today to what e_tent his vision and his declaration of meas a strong and powerful little girl shaped my own view of myself as aninherently strong, powerful and athletic person well into the future.
this is an e_ample of how adults in positions of power can ignite the powerof a child. but, in the previous instances of those thesaurus entries, ourlanguage isn't allowing us to evolve into the reality that we would all want,the possibility of an individual to see themselves as capable. our languagehasn't caught up with the changes in our society, many of which have beenbrought about by technology. certainly, from a medical standpoint, my legs,laser surgery for vision impairment, titanium knees and hip replacements foraging bodies that are allowing people to more fully engage with their abilities,and move beyond the limits that nature has imposed on them -- not to mentionsocial networking platforms allow people to self-identify, to claim their owndescriptions of themselves, so they can go align with global groups of their ownchoosing. so, perhaps technology is revealing more clearly to us now what hasalways been a truth: that everyone has something rare and powerful to offer oursociety, and that the human ability to adapt is our greatest asset.
the human ability to adapt, it's an interesting thing, because people havecontinually wanted to talk to me about overcoming adversity, and i'm going tomake an admission: this phrase never sat right with me, and i always felt uneasytrying to answer people's questions about it, and i think i'm starting to figureout why. implicit in this phrase of "overcoming adversity" is the idea thatsuccess, or happiness, is about emerging on the other side of a challenginge_perience unscathed or unmarked by the e_perience, as if my successes in lifehave come about from an ability to sidestep or circumnavigate the presumedpitfalls of a life with prosthetics, or what other people perceive as mydisability. but, in fact, we are changed. we are marked, of course, by achallenge, whether physically, emotionally or both. and i'm going to suggestthat this is a good thing. adversity isn't an obstacle that we need to getaround in order to resume living our life. it's part of our life. and i tend tothink of it like my shadow. sometimes i see a lot of it, sometimes there's verylittle, but it's always with me. and, certainly, i'm not trying to diminish theimpact, the weight, of a person's struggle.
there is adversity and challenge in life, and it's all very real andrelative to every single person, but the question isn't whether or not you'regoing to meet adversity, but how you're going to meet it. so, our responsibilityis not simply shielding those we care for from adversity, but preparing them tomeet it well. and we do a disservice to our kids when we make them feel thatthey're not equipped to adapt. there's an important difference and distinctionbetween the objective medical fact of my being an amputee and the subjectivesocietal opinion of whether or not i'm disabled. and, truthfully, the only realand consistent disability i've had to confront is the world ever thinking that icould be described by those definitions.
in our desire to protect those we care about by giving them the cold, hardtruth about their medical prognosis, or, indeed, a prognosis on the e_pectedquality of their life, we have to make sure that we don't put the first brick ina wall that will actually disable someone. perhaps the e_isting model of onlylooking at what is broken in you and how do we fi_ it, serves to be moredisabling to the individual than the pathology itself.
by not treating the wholeness of a person, by not acknowledging theirpotency, we are creating another ill on top of whatever natural struggle theymight have. we are effectively grading someone's worth to our community. so weneed to see through the pathology and into the range of human capability. and,most importantly, there's a partnership between those perceived deficiencies andour greatest creative ability. so it's not about devaluing, or negating, thesemore trying times as something we want to avoid or sweep under the rug, butinstead to find those opportunities wrapped in the adversity. so maybe the ideai want to put out there is not so much overcoming adversity as it is openingourselves up to it, embracing it, grappling with it, to use a wrestling term,maybe even dancing with it. and, perhaps, if we see adversity as natural,consistent and useful, we're less burdened by the presence of it.
this year we celebrate the 200th birthday of charles darwin, and it was 150years ago, when writing about evolution, that darwin illustrated, i think, atruth about the human character. to paraphrase: it's not the strongest of thespecies that survives, nor is it the most intelligent that survives; it is theone that is most adaptable to change. conflict is the genesis of creation. fromdarwin's work, amongst others, we can recognize that the human ability tosurvive and flourish is driven by the struggle of the human spirit throughconflict into transformation. so, again, transformation, adaptation, is ourgreatest human skill. and, perhaps, until we're tested, we don't know what we'remade of. maybe that's what adversity gives us: a sense of self, a sense of ourown power. so, we can give ourselves a gift. we can re-imagine adversity assomething more than just tough times. maybe we can see it as change. adversityis just change that we haven't adapted ourselves to yet.
i think the greatest adversity that we've created for ourselves is thisidea of normalcy. now, who's normal? there's no normal. there's common, there'stypical. there's no normal, and would you want to meet that poor, beige personif they e_isted? (laughter) i don't think so. if we can change this paradigmfrom one of achieving normalcy to one of possibility -- or potency, to be even alittle bit more dangerous -- we can release the power of so many more children,and invite them to engage their rare and valuable abilities with thecommunity.
anthropologists tell us that the one thing we as humans have alwaysrequired of our community members is to be of use, to be able to contribute.there's evidence that neanderthals, 60,000 years ago, carried their elderly andthose with serious physical injury, and perhaps it's because the life e_perienceof survival of these people proved of value to the community. they didn't viewthese people as broken and useless; they were seen as rare and valuable.
a few years ago, i was in a food market in the town where i grew up in thatred zone in northeastern pennsylvania, and i was standing over a bushel oftomatoes. it was summertime: i had shorts on. i hear this guy, his voice behindme say, "well, if it isn't aimee mullins." and i turn around, and it's thisolder man. i have no idea who he is.
and i said, "i'm sorry, sir, have we met? i don't remember meetingyou."
he said, "well, you wouldn't remember meeting me. i mean, when we met i wasdelivering you from your mother's womb." (laughter) oh, that guy. and, but ofcourse, actually, it did click.
this man was dr. kean, a man that i had only known about through mymother's stories of that day, because, of course, typical fashion, i arrivedlate for my birthday by two weeks. and so my mother's prenatal physician hadgone on vacation, so the man who delivered me was a complete stranger to myparents. and, because i was born without the fibula bones, and had feet turnedin, and a few toes in this foot and a few toes in that, he had to be the bearer-- this stranger had to be the bearer of bad news.
he said to me, "i had to give this prognosis to your parents that you wouldnever walk, and you would never have the kind of mobility that other kids haveor any kind of life of independence, and you've been making liar out of me eversince." (laughter) (applause)
the e_traordinary thing is that he said he had saved newspaper clippingsthroughout my whole childhood, whether winning a second grade spelling bee,marching with the girl scouts, you know, the halloween parade, winning mycollege scholarship, or any of my sports victories, and he was using it, andintegrating it into teaching resident students, med students from hahnemannmedical school and hershey medical school. and he called this part of the coursethe _ factor, the potential of the human will. no prognosis can account for howpowerful this could be as a determinant in the quality of someone's life. anddr. kean went on to tell me, he said, "in my e_perience, unless repeatedly toldotherwise, and even if given a modicum of support, if left to their own devices,a child will achieve."
see, dr. kean made that shift in thinking. he understood that there's adifference between the medical condition and what someone might do with it. andthere's been a shift in my thinking over time, in that, if you had asked me at15 years old, if i would have traded prosthetics for flesh-and-bone legs, iwouldn't have hesitated for a second. i aspired to that kind of normalcy backthen. but if you ask me today, i'm not so sure. and it's because of thee_periences i've had with them, not in spite of the e_periences i've had withthem. and perhaps this shift in me has happened because i've been e_posed tomore people who have opened doors for me than those who have put lids and castshadows on me.
see, all you really need is one person to show you the epiphany of your ownpower, and you're off. if you can hand somebody the key to their own power --the human spirit is so receptive -- if you can do that and open a door forsomeone at a crucial moment, you are educating them in the best sense. you'reteaching them to open doors for themselves. in fact, the e_act meaning of theword "educate" comes from the root word "educe." it means "to bring forth whatis within, to bring out potential." so again, which potential do we want tobring out?
there was a case study done in 1960s britain, when they were moving fromgrammar schools to comprehensive schools. it's called the streaming trials. wecall it "tracking" here in the states. it's separating students from a, b, c, dand so on. and the "a students" get the tougher curriculum, the best teachers,etc. well, they took, over a three-month period, d-level students, gave thema's, told them they were "a's," told them they were bright, and at the end ofthis three-month period, they were performing at a-level.
and, of course, the heartbreaking, flip side of this study, is that theytook the "a students" and told them they were "d's." and that's what happened atthe end of that three-month period. those who were still around in school,besides the people who had dropped out. a crucial part of this case study wasthat the teachers were duped too. the teachers didn't know a switch had beenmade. they were simply told, "these are the 'a-students,' these are the'd-students.'" and that's how they went about teaching them and treatingthem.
so, i think that the only true disability is a crushed spirit, a spiritthat's been crushed doesn't have hope, it doesn't see beauty, it no longer hasour natural, childlike curiosity and our innate ability to imagine. if instead,we can bolster a human spirit to keep hope, to see beauty in themselves andothers, to be curious and imaginative, then we are truly using our power well.when a spirit has those qualities, we are able to create new realities and newways of being.
i'd like to leave you with a poem by a fourteenth-century persian poetnamed hafiz that my friend, jacques dembois told me about, and the poem iscalled "the god who only knows four words": "every child has known god, not thegod of names, not the god of don'ts, but the god who only knows four words andkeeps repeating them, saying, 'come dance with me. come, dance with me. come,dance with me.'"
thank you. (applause)
try something new for 30 days 小计划帮你实现大目标
a few years ago, i felt like i was stuck in a rut, so i decided to followin the footsteps of the great american philosopher, morgan spurlock, and trysomething new for 30 days. the idea is actually pretty simple. think aboutsomething you’ve always wanted to add to your life and try it for the ne_t 30days. it turns out, 30 days is just about the right amount of time to add a newhabit or subtract a habit — like watching the news — from your life.
几年前， 我感觉对老一套感到枯燥乏味，所以我决定追随伟大的美国哲学家摩根·斯普尔洛克的脚步，尝试做新事情30天。这个想法的确是非常简单。考虑下，你常想在你生命中做的一些事情 接下来30天尝试做这些。这就是，30天刚好是这么一段合适的时间 去养成一个新的习惯或者改掉一个习惯——例如看新闻——在你生活中。
there’s a few things i learned while doing these 30-day challenges. thefirst was, instead of the months flying by, forgotten, the time was much morememorable. this was part of a challenge i did to take a picture everyday for amonth. and i remember e_actly where i was and what i was doing that day. i alsonoticed that as i started to do more and harder 30-day challenges, myself-confidence grew. i went from desk-dwelling computer nerd to the kind of guywho bikes to work — for fun. even last year, i ended up hiking up mt.kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in africa. i would never have been thatadventurous before i started my 30-day challenges.
当我在30天做这些挑战性事情时，我学到以下一些事。第一件事是，取代了飞逝而过易被遗忘的岁月的是这段时间非常的更加令人难忘。挑战的一部分是要一个月内每天我要去拍摄一张照片。我清楚地记得那一天我所处的位置我都在干什么。我也注意到随着我开始做更多的，更难的30天里具有挑战性的事时，我自信心也增强了。我从一个台式计算机宅男极客变成了一个爱骑自行车去工作的人——为了玩乐。甚至去年，我完成了在非洲最高山峰乞力马扎罗山的远足。在我开始这30天做挑战性的事之前我从来没有这样热爱冒险过。
i also figured out that if you really want something badly enough, you cando anything for 30 days. have you ever wanted to write a novel? every november,tens of thousands of people try to write their own 50,000 word novel fromscratch in 30 days. it turns out, all you have to do is write 1,667 words a dayfor a month. so i did. by the way, the secret is not to go to sleep until you’vewritten your words for the day. you might be sleep-deprived, but you’ll finishyour novel. now is my book the ne_t great american novel? no. i wrote it in amonth. it’s awful. but for the rest of my life, if i meet john hodgman at a tedparty, i don’t have to say, “i’m a computer scientist.” no, no, if i want to ican say, “i’m a novelist.”
我也认识到如果你真想一些槽糕透顶的事，你可以在30天里做这些事。你曾想写小说吗?每年11月，数以万计的人们在30天里，从零起点尝试写他们自己的5万字小说。这结果就是，你所要去做的事就是每天写1667个字要写一个月。所以我做到了。顺便说一下，秘密在于除非在一天里你已经写完了1667个字，要不你就甭想睡觉。你可能被剥夺睡眠，但你将会完成你的小说。那么我写的书会是下一部伟大的美国小说吗?不是的。我在一个月内写完它。它看上去太可怕了。但在我的余生，如果我在一个ted聚会上遇见约翰·霍奇曼，我不必开口说，“我是一个电脑科学家。”不，不会的，如果我愿意我可以说，“我是一个小说家。”
(laughter)
(笑声)
so here’s one last thing i’d like to mention. i learned that when i madesmall, sustainable changes, things i could keep doing, they were more likely tostick. there’s nothing wrong with big, crazy challenges. in fact, they’re a tonof fun. but they’re less likely to stick. when i gave up sugar for 30 days, day31 looked like this.
我这儿想提的最后一件事。当我做些小的、持续性的变化，我可以不断尝试做的事时，我学到我可以把它们更容易地坚持做下来。这和又大又疯狂的具有挑战性的事情无关。事实上，它们的乐趣无穷。但是，它们就不太可能坚持做下来。当我在30天里拒绝吃糖果，31天后看上去就像这样。
(laughter)
(笑声)
so here’s my question to you: what are you waiting for? i guarantee you thene_t 30 days are going to pass whether you like it or not, so why not thinkabout something you have always wanted to try and give it a shot for the ne_t 30days.
所以我给大家提的问题是：大家还在等什么呀?我保准大家在未来的30天定会经历你喜欢或者不喜欢的事，那么为什么不考虑一些你常想做的尝试并在未来30天里试试给自己一个机会。
thanks.
谢谢。
(applause)
(掌声)
亲爱的同学们：
大家好!
我今天演讲的主题是“关注食品安全”。
随着中国社会经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高，人们越来越重视健康和食品安全，尤其是“__”奶粉等食品安全事件的发生，这也引起了人们的关注。
给我们敲响了安全的警钟，“食品安全”已成为与国民健康，社会稳定，经济发展和市场繁荣相关的重要因素。
对于我们每个同学来说，学习和了解相关的食品卫生知识，养成良好的饮食习惯，提高自我保护意识，抵制劣质食品的诱惑是非常必要和实际的。
但我们经常看到一些学生在校园的杂货店，餐馆甚至小摊子前，一些学生在购买、食用价廉质次的食品。那么，你了解这些看似诱人和便宜的食物背后的危险吗?
据卫生监督部门的技术人员介绍，由于学生的零用钱相对有限，大多数这些经营者“便宜进便宜出”，采取购买一些“三无”产品的原则，大多数食品是基于颜料和糖精。在这里我建议学生：
1.建立食品安全概念，了解食品安全知识，增强自我保护能力。购买食品时，应选择常规的大型购物中心和超市。购买食品时，应尽量选择一些知名品牌。同时，我们必须注意食品包装上是否有制造商，生产日期以及保质期是否已过。
如果你在小商店购买食品，你必须看好制造商，生产日期，保质期，注意包装袋是否损坏。无生产许可证和qs徽标的食品不能购买或食用。
2.养成良好的饮食观念。不食用流动摊点的小吃、零食等，自觉抵制，三无食物，劣质食品，学生在学校尽可能在学校食堂吃饭。
3.养成健康的饮食习惯。不挑食，不偏食，一日三餐，定时定量，不暴饮暴食。带上自己的杯子，多喝开水。事实上，开水是的饮料。
有些饮料含有防腐剂，色素等，经常饮用不利于年轻学生的健康。
老师，同学们，食品安全都是不小的事，“病从口入”重预防。如今，已进入春天的季节万物复苏，各种细菌正在悄然滋生和迅速传播。
让我们自觉行动，注重食品安全，重视“问题食品”对身体健康和青少年成长的危害，远离“问题食品”和“不合格食品”，不断提高我们的食品安全意识。自我保护意识，为构建平安和谐、健康向上的校园环境而不懈努力!
谢谢大家!
认识自我，是人生一道重要的关卡，是人生的重要转折。一个人若能正确的认识了自我，那么在人生路上也便不会迷茫。古希腊人曾把“认识自我”作为最高的智慧的象征，阿波罗神殿的大门上写着这样的一句话：要认识你自己
对自我的错误认知就有着错误的作为，所以要认识自我。一个人如果对于自己的认知都存在着错误的认知，那么将会作出错误的抉择。因为认知自己便是一种重要的精神意识，它几乎是任何事的出发点，人的所作所为均以自我认知为基础。譬如富人就会认知道自己富有，消费的时候就会大手笔，穷人则会尽量的节省。试想如果一个穷人错误的认为自己是一个富人，那么他的行为也可向而知了。
清晰正确的认识自我，将成为人生的一大助力，所以要认知自我。既然认知自我是行为的出发点，那么清晰的认知将会令出发点更前。如果一个人能清楚的知道自己的优势与劣势，那么便能清晰的清楚自己该做什么。修补自己的劣势，发挥自己的优势，就能令事情一帆风顺。
既然认识自我有着如此重要的，那么应该如何认知自我呢?首先就是他人的评价，他人客观的评价，往往会带来重要的信息，自己的优缺点。并且理解他人对自己的评价，同时也能够从他人的身上吸取经验。最重要的就是自省，这是一个不可缺失的环节。不论他人如何评价自己，如果本身都不自省的话，那么那些都将成为废话。客观和主管的结合，才能更充分更正确的认知自己。
长大以后，我只能奔跑，一边失去，一边在寻找，明天你好，即使含着泪微笑。——题记
青岛一五年的第一场雪在一中校园里纷飞，我独自站在窗口望那“鹅毛”纷纷落落，心无感触似是无稽之谈，但是要我说出那其中的感触，我只能笑而不语。不是一个人独行惯了才独自赏雪，只是认为唯有一人才能体会到一片雪花飘荡在这万千孤独的迷茫。路漫漫，及行迷之未远，归。
喧闹的环境伴随着阶梯教室那扇门打开而渐渐平息。我望着一身材平平的男人向我们走来，在无尽的掌声中向我们鞠躬，那瞬间我是木讷的，为什么如此成功之人会这般谦逊，我眯起眼，妄想从其中汲取些许。身边的朋友无一不被外籍校长抓住了眼球，而我的目光一直停留在他的身上未曾离去。随着讲座的开始，那段往事渐渐地浮现在我们的眼前。听他讲到那坎坷崎岖的路程，我的眉头不由紧皱，心也随之触痛。的确!谁能想象到一双弹钢琴的手竟然曾经承担过这般的苦痛!董荣璨博士轻松的言语讲述着他在外奔波的三十年，而那些经历牵动着台下的我们每一个人的心。还好，一切的一切都是有用的，他成为了伟大的作曲家，钢琴家，艺术家，一个大写的中国人!
崇敬在我的眼眶流露，只是隔着那遥远的距离而无法传达，那炙热的情感流露无一不表达着我对他的敬仰之情!一曲现场创作像一股暖流涌向心头，简单的音符在他的手指下编织成婉转、悠扬的曲子，飘到我们的心中飘到我们的灵魂里!我的手指不由随着节奏敲打着桌面，用心去感受其中的情感。一曲《梁祝》回荡在耳旁，其中蕴含着的是三十多年的心血和汗水，满满的感情流露让我的内心有所触动，也许那天收获的不仅仅是听觉的盛宴，也是满满的内心感动。
临近一五年的尾声，忙忙碌碌的自己也似乎找到了目标。内心怀着那份信仰，马不停蹄地走着。不做无庸的事，不做无庸的人。时光荏苒，却冲刷不掉我内心怀揣的前进的激情;白驹过隙，只希望留下的是美好的回忆。怀揣着这份信念前进，让我强忍住泪水，高昂着头前进。我不畏艰难困苦，只望见了黎明的一缕曙光便会前行，那等待我的必定是我的信仰，在最后的最后，我们会相拥，拥抱明天!
我不是作曲家，无法用跳跃的音符谱写深情;我不是钢琴家，我不会用流畅的乐章流露传情;我不是艺术家，无法用高端的美展现自己。但是我心怀理想又怎么肯轻易折服?负面、消极的全都抛之脑后，趁现在，努力给自己“艺术人生”!
长大以后，我开始奔跑，即使含着泪微笑，但不远处的斑斓星光在闪烁，那便是我的信念，明天你好!
尊敬的老师们，亲爱的同学们：
大家好!
到底是剪短头发呢，还是继续留长发?我在镜子前来回踱步。
“当然是短发方便啦!”妈妈笑着说，“你头发越来越长了，打理起来也越来越麻烦。再说，尝试改变也是一件很美好的事哦!”
我又抬起头，望着镜中踌躇不安的自己和头上有些凌乱的长发，心想：改变为什么一定意味着失去呢?每天清晨，为了这一头长发，我常常要在镜前花费很多宝贵的时间。但是如果剪成了短发，不仅能节约时间，而且我还可以迎接一个崭新的模样，一个崭新的自我……
我下定了决心：改变!
于是，我坐在了理发店的转椅上，镜中的我露出心满意足的微笑。看着满地的碎发，我“如释重负”，一下子觉得世界焕然一新。看来，之前的担忧真是多余!
出了理发店，冬日的暖阳从云朵中露出微笑脸庞。我一边迈着欢快的步伐，一边在想：“改变，真好!”
这让我想起了另一件事。
以前，最让我焦虑的事情，就是在书房那“茫茫书海”中寻找一本急需的作业本。妈妈十分关心我，总是抽空帮我整理书房。但整理之后的日子里，书房总会时不时传来一连串问号：“妈妈，我的课外书呢?”“咦，我的练习册哪去了?”
于是，我尝试改变。从给每一本书归类到把书柜分格，从为每一本作业本“安家”，到给每一支笔找到“住所”……很快，我的书房中的每一位成员都有了“新家”。
从此，我都自己收拾房间。忙碌过后，我每次都感到疲倦，但内心却是无比快乐。因为我体验了“改变”：从妈妈为我的一切操劳，到我自己打理生活。我的房间越来越整洁，我也在改变中成长，越来越独立了。
生命中有许多需要改变的东西，我们要对改变充满信心，不能让多余的担心阻挡我们成长的步伐，因为改变让我们收获自信，收获希望，收获人生的多姿多态!改变，真好!
How people achieve their dreams
When we think about the dreams we have, and the dent we want to leave in the universe.it is striking to see how big of an overlap there is.between the dreams that we have and projects that never happen.so I’m here to talk you today about five ways how not to follow your dreams.
One :Believe in overnight success.you know the story, rightThe tech guy built a mobie app and sold it very fast for a lot of money.You know ,the story may seem real,but I bet it’s incomplete.If you go investigate further,the guy has done 30 apps before,and he has done a master’s on the topic,a Ph.D.He has been working on the topic for 20 years.your overnight success story is always a result of everything you’ve done in your life through that moment.
Two:Believe someone else has the answers for you.Constantly,people want to help out,rightAll sort of people:your family ,your friends,your business partners,they all have opinions on which path you should take.And let me tell you,go through this pipe.But whenever you go inside,there are other ways you have to pick as well.And you need to make those decisions yourself.No one else has the perfect answers for your life.And you need to keep picking those decisions,rightThe pipes are infinite and you’re going to bump your head,and it’s a part of the process.
Three,and it’s very subtle but very important:Decide to settle when growth is guaranteed.So your life is going great,you have put together a great team,and you have growing revenue,and everything is set,time to settle.Even if I did little, sales would be okay. But okay is never okay. When you’re growing towards a peak, you need to work harder than ever and find yourself another peak.Maybe if I did little, a couple hundred thousand people would read it, and that’s great already. But if I work harder than ever, I can bring this number up to millions. And I can already see a higher peak.there’s no time to settle down.
Fourth tip, and that’s really important:Believe the fault is someone else’s. I constantly see people saying, “yes, I had this great idea, but no investor had the vision to invest.” “oh, I created this great product, but the market is so bad,the sales didn’t go well.” Or, I can’t find good talent;my team is so below expectations.” If you have dreams, it’s your responsibility to make them happen. Yes ,it may be hard to find talent. Yes the market may be bad. But if no one invested in your idea,if no one bought your product, for sure,there is something that is your fault. You need to get your dreams and make them happen. And no one achieved their goals alone. But if you didn’t make them happen, it’s your fault and no one else’s. be responsible for your dreams.
And one last tip, and this one is really important as well: Believe that the only things that matter are the dreams themselves. Once I saw an ad , and it was a lot of friends , they were going up a mountain, it was a very high mountain, and it was a lot of work. You could see that they were sweating and this was tough. And they were going up, and they finally made it to the peak. Of course, they decided to celebrate, rightI’m going to celebrate, “yes we made it ,we’re at the top!” two seconds later, one looks at the other and says, “okay let’s go down.” Life is never about the goals themselves. Life is about the journey. Yes, you should enjoy the goals themselves, but people think that you have dreams, and whenever you get to reaching one of those dreams, it’s magical place
where happiness will be all around. But achieving a dream is a momentary sensation, and you life is not. The only way to really achieve all of your dreams is to fully enjoy step of your journey. That’s the best way. And your journey is simple it’s made of step. Some steps will be right on. Sometimes you will trip. If it’s right on, celebrate, because some people wait a lot to celebrate. And if you tripped, turn that into something to learn. If every step becomes something to learn or something to celebrate, you will for sure enjoy the journey.
Believe me, if you do that, you will destroy your dreams.
春天到了，青蛙又开始“呱呱”地唱歌了，我发现又有人在田野里开始捕捉青蛙了，使青蛙成为那些人的“盘餐中”，我感到非常痛心。
青蛙是动物世界中最出色的“庄稼的保护神”。它头上那两只圆而突出的眼睛，能让它看清庄稼天敌，但捉害虫全靠它又长又宽的舌头，舌根长口腔的前面，舌尖向那么一伸，快速地伸长长的舌头，一下子把害虫粘住，然后吃掉。青蛙的背上有绿色的深色花纹，腹部是白色，能帮它逃脱天敌血盆大口。身体下面有四条腿，前腿短，后腿长。青蛙是两栖动物，不仅能在地上跳，而且也能在水里游。
青蛙吃苍蝇，蚊子，蝗虫，小飞娥等害虫，一天大约能吃掉120只，半年下来就能吃掉15000只，这是多么大的功劳哇!就连青蛙的幼虫 ------蝌蚪也能消灭许多害虫哩!真不愧“庄稼的保护神”，农民伯伯的好助手呀!
从现在开始，我们一起保护“庄稼的保护神”------ 青蛙吧!让我们共同保护[动物]生态平衡!
少年pi的全名叫：派西尼。莫利托。帕特尔，方便起见，就叫他派好了。
派是一个从小生活在动物园的孩子，一次，为了搬去加拿大，派一家与动物们登上了开往大洋彼岸的货船“齐姆楚姆号”。
天有不测风云，在一个风雨交加的早晨，船沉了。睡梦中的人们还不知道发生了什么，就沉入了这蔚蓝色的海洋。只有派与一只斑马，一只红猩猩，一只鬣狗，还有一只名叫理查德。帕克的成年孟加拉虎乘上了救生艇，
弱肉强食的生存法则毫不意外地在这里被印证。
一艘小小的救生艇自然无法满足他们的生存需求，所以自然而然的，鬣狗吃掉了斑马与红猩猩，有被老虎吃掉。只剩下派与理查德。帕克了。
我本以为派也会被老虎吃掉，之后老虎死于缺水，在之后全剧终。可看着剩下200多页纸的厚度，我便打消了这可笑的念头。
不出所料，奇迹发生了。
派与这只孟加拉虎，在这条长仅26英尺的小艇上和谐共存了几个月，直至获救。
看到这里，我不得不对派肃然起敬。他是如此的勇敢，坚强。换做是我，或许早就因老虎的利爪或缺水而死了，但他却能用自己仅有的一切，与一只老虎在一望无边的太平洋上共存，这需要多么强烈的求生意志，多么强大的自信心啊!
在对比一下自己，整日无所事事，得过且过，无抱负无追求，为什么派可以超越自己的极限?我想，是压力的缘故吧。
派的压力来自于死亡，为了生存下来，他可以发挥出自己的全部潜质，是死亡的压力拯救了他。
而我的压力主要来自父母和老师。只要成绩有些进步，就可以说失去了压力，一个失去压力的人一定不会有什么大成就，因为压力就像燃油，是我们前进时不可缺少的动力。没有了动力，我们只能停下，倒退，最终被淘汰。
有压力是好事，但也要适度。就像汽车超速了会被罚款，压力过大了，也会使我们不负重担。只有适当的压力加上灿烂的微笑，美好的未来才会向我们挥手。
所以，朋友们，让我们用双手去拥抱这可爱的压力吧。
无压力，不动力!
我是个说书之人。在这里，我想和大家分享一些我本人的故事。一些关于所谓的“单一故事的危险性”的经历。我成长在尼日利亚东部的一所大学校园里。我母亲常说我从两岁起就开始读书。不过我认为“四岁起”比较接近事实。所以我从小就开始读书，读的是英国和美国的儿童书籍。
我也是从小就开始写作，当我在七岁那年，开始强迫我可怜的母亲阅读我用铅笔写好的故事，外加上蜡笔描绘的插图时，我所写的故事正如我所读的故事那般，我故事里的人物们都是白皮肤、蓝眼睛的。常在雪中嬉戏，吃着苹果。而且他们经常讨论天气，讨论太阳出来时，一切都多么美好。我一直写着这样故事，虽然说我当时住在尼日利亚，并且从来没有出过国。虽然说我们从来没见过雪，虽然说我们实际上只能吃到芒果;虽然说我们从不讨论天气，因为根本没这个必要。
我故事里的人物们也常喝姜汁啤酒，因为我所读的那些英国书中的人物们常喝姜汁啤酒。虽然说我当时完全不知道姜汁啤酒是什么东西。时隔多年，我一直都怀揣着一个深切的渴望，想尝尝姜汁啤酒的味道。不过这要另当别论了。
这一切所表明的，正是在一个个的故事面前，我们是何等的脆弱，何等的易受影响，尤其当我们还是孩子的时候，因为我当时读的所有书中只有外国人物，我因而坚信：书要想被称为书，就必须有外国人在里面，就必须是关于我无法亲身体验的事情，而这一切都在我接触了非洲书籍之后发生了改变。当时非洲书并不多，而且他们也不像国外书籍那样好找。 不过因为!和!之类的作家，我思维中对于文学的概念，产生了质的改变。我意识到像我这样的人---有着巧克力般的肤色和永远无法梳成马尾辫的卷曲头发的女孩们，也可以出现在文学作品中。
我开始撰写我所熟知的事物，但这并不是说我不喜爱那些美国和英国书籍，恰恰相反，那些书籍激发了我的想象力，为我开启了新的世界。但随之而来的后果就是，我不知道原来像我这样的人，也是可以存在于文学作品中的，而与非洲作家的结缘，则是将我从对于书籍的单一故事中拯救了出来。
我来自一个传统的尼日利亚中产家庭，我的父亲是一名教授，我的母亲是一名大学管理员。因此我们和很多其他家庭一样，都会从附近的村庄中雇佣一些帮手来打理家事。在我八岁那一年，我们家招来了一位新的男仆。他的名字叫做FIDE.我父亲只告诉我们说，他是来自一个非常穷苦的家庭，我母亲会时不时的将山芋、大米，还有我们穿旧的衣服送到他的家里。每当我剩下晚饭的时候，我的母亲就会说：吃净你的食物!难道你不知道吗?像FIDE家这样的人可是一无所有。因此我对他们家人充满了怜悯。
后来的一个星期六，我们去FIDE的村庄拜访，他的母亲向我们展示了一个精美别致的草篮----用FIDE的哥哥用染过色的酒椰叶编制的。我当时完全被震惊了。我从来没有想过FIDE的家人居然有亲手制造东西的才能。在那之前，我对FIDE家唯一的了解就是他们是何等的穷困，正因为如此，他们在我脑中的印象只是一个字------“穷”。他们的贫穷是我赐予他们的单一故事。
多年以后，在我离开尼日利亚前往美国读大学的时候，我又想到了这件事。我那时19岁，我的美国室友当时完全对我感到十分惊讶了。他问我是从哪里学的讲一口如此流利的英语，而当我告知她尼日利亚刚巧是以英语作为官方语言的时候，她的脸上则是写满了茫然。她问我是否可以给她听听她所谓的“部落音乐”，可想而知，当我拿出玛丽亚凯莉的磁带时，她是何等的失望，她断定我不知道如何使用电炉。
我猛然意识到“在他见到我之前，她就已经对我充满了怜悯之心。她对我这个非洲人的预设心态是一种充满施恩与好意的怜悯之情。我那位室友的脑中有一个关于非洲的单一故事。一个充满了灾难的单一故事。在这个单一的故事中，非洲人是完全没有可能在任何方面和她有所相似的;没有可能接收到比怜悯更复杂的感情;没有可能以一个平等的人类的身份与她沟通。
我不得不强调，在我前往美国之前，我从来没有有意识的把自己当做个非洲人。但在美国的时候，每当人们提到”非洲“时，大家都会转向我，虽然我对纳米比亚之类的地方一无所知。但我渐渐的开始接受这个新的身份，现在很多时候我都是把自己当做一个非洲人来看待。不过当人们把非洲当做一个国家来讨论的时候，我还是觉得挺反感的。最近的一次例子就发生在两天前，我从拉各斯搭乘航班，旅程原本相当愉快，直到广播里开始介绍在”印度、非洲以及其他国家”所进行的慈善事业。
当我以一名非洲人的身份在美国读过几年之后，我开始理解我那位室友当时对我的反应。如果我不是在尼日利亚长大，如果我对非洲的一切认识都是来自于大众流行的影像，我相信我眼中的非洲也同样是充满了美丽的地貌、美丽的动物，以及一群难以理解的人们进行着毫无意义的战争、死于艾滋和贫穷、无法为自己辩护，并且等待着一位慈悲的、白种的外国人的救赎，我看待非洲的方式将会和我儿时看待FIDE一家的方式是一样的。
我认为关于非洲的这个单一故事从根本上来自于西方的文学。这是来自伦敦商人John Locke的一段话。他在1561年的时候，曾游历非洲西部，并且为他的航行做了翻很有趣的记录。他先是把黑色的非洲人称为“没有房子的野兽”，随后又写道：“他们也是一群无头脑的人，他们的嘴和眼睛都长在了他们的胸口上。”
我每次读到这一段的时候，都不禁大笑起来。他的想象力真的是让人敬佩。但关于他的作品极其重要的一点是它昭示着西方社会讲述非洲故事的一个传统，在这个传统中，撒哈拉以南的非洲充满了消极、差异以及黑暗，是伟大的诗人Rudyard Kipling笔下所形容的“半恶魔、半孩童”的奇异人种。
正因为如此，我开始意识到我的那位美国室友一定在她的成长过程中，看到并且听过关于这个单一故事的不同版本，就如同之前一位曾经批判我的小说缺乏“真实的非洲感”的教授一样。话说我倒是甘愿承认我的小说有几处写的不好的地方，有几处败笔，但我很难想象我的小说既然会缺乏“真实的非洲感”。事实上，我甚至不知道真实的非洲感到底是个什么东西。那位教授跟我说我书中的人物都和他太相近了，都是受过教育的中产人物。我的人物会开车，他们没有受到饥饿的困扰。正因此，他们缺乏了真实的非洲感。
我在这里不得不指出，我本人也常常被单一的故事蒙蔽双眼。几年前，我从美国探访墨西哥，当时美国的政治气候比较紧张。关于移民的辩论一直在进行着。而在美国，“移民”和“墨西哥人”常常被当做同义词来使用。关于墨西哥人的故事是源源不绝，讲的都是欺诈医疗系统、偷渡边境、在边境被捕之类的事情。
我还记得当我到达瓜达拉哈拉的第一天，看着人们前往工作，在市集上吃着墨西哥卷、抽着烟、大笑着，我记得我刚看到这一切时是何等的惊讶，但随后我的心中便充满了羞耻感。我意识到我当时完全被沉浸在媒体上关于墨西哥人的报道，以致于他们在我的脑中幻化成一个单一的个体---卑贱的移民。我完全相信了关于墨西哥人的单一故事，对此我感到无比的羞愧。这就是创造单一故事的过程，将一群人一遍又一遍地呈现为一个事物，并且只是一个事物，时间久了，他们就变成了那个事物。
而说到单一的故事，就自然而然地要讲到权力这个问题。每当我想到这个世界的权力结构的时候，我都会想起一个伊傅语中的单词，叫做“nkali”,它是一个名词，可以在大意上被翻译成”比另一个人强大。”就如同我们的经济和政治界一样，我们所讲的故事也是建立在它的原则上的。这些故事是怎样被讲述的、由谁来讲述、何时被讲述、有多少故事被讲述，这一切都取决于权力。
每个人至少拥有一个梦想，有一个理由去坚强，心若没有了栖息的地方，到哪里都是在流浪。水之一方，没有了昨天，今天，明天;海之一角，没有了前世，今生，来生;所思所议在刹那间全部盛开，又凋落…捧起时间的潮汐，埋葬以前的心愿，期待着明天会更好，至少我们会变得成熟了，感知到这个世界在微妙的变动。时间散落在平静的心湖中，荡起阵阵涟漪，一圈圈的希冀，勾勒出我们的人生蓝图。
不知明天会怎样?或许风和日丽，或许阴雨绵绵，亦或许狂风怒卷。但我们还是期待这它的到来，期待它给我们带来惊喜，人生就是由无数的未知构成。它犹如舞台上的一出戏，不同的是，在人生的舞台上演出是没有彩排的。
卡耐基说过：It'syourtakingpartinginthelifeandtheactionsbutnotyouroutcomethatcounts.没有凝固的生命，没有亘古的荒原，只要我们满怀期待，拥有梦想，任何的消沉都会绽放瑰丽的神奇，在没有色彩的地方创造色彩，在没有声音的地方创造声音，在没有奇迹的地方创造奇迹。
明天，真的会更好。
大家听到这个题目肯定很奇怪!认识自我?自己天天看自己，怎么要认识自我吧。别急，我说的是能正确认识自我!我是通过自己的错误认识自己的!
我是一位读书较好，在班里当认中队委的学生，老师总是夸我学习好，不说谎，我也得意洋洋，在别人面前炫耀。
在一个双休日，我正在写作业，快把作业OK时，一个作业难住了。我说的可不是作业题目难，是这个作业要写很多内容，现在我有是想去玩。于是，一个邪恶的念头产生：何不简便了作业。当时的我没有往常冷静的大脑，没有想想自己这样做对不对，只一味得想快点写好，早点出去玩，摆脱写作业的阴影。于是我开始了简便。
刷刷刷，几下，我就把这个作业写了好。心想：终于写好了，我的小组长是我的好朋友，不会“出卖”我的。于是我去玩了。
第二天，我的小组长来检查作业了。我把写好了的作业给他看，当他检查到最后一个作业是，说：“把这个作业拿出来。”我慢吞吞的把作业拿了出来。小组长一看，立刻大喊起来：“哇塞，中队委作业简便耶，大新闻，我要去告诉老师!”我马上制止，说：“行行好，我们可是好朋友!”但他不听这一套，马上告诉了老师。
老师知道了这件事后，马上给了我顿“竹笋烤肉”，然后，老师对我说：“李绿隆，你既然是中队委，就得给同学做好榜样，难道你这样做就是榜样?做了中队委但不能骄傲要想想老师的希望和教导……”
听了这些，我心里十分不平静，想到了老师说的话，老师说：“人不能做骗人而不敢承认的人。”同学说：“我们要做个实实在在的人!”我一定要改!!!!
在这事中，我认识了自我，认识了真实而又美好的我，这次的错误给了我很的啊的教育!
尊敬的各位领导，各位同事们：
大家下午好。
我叫___，非常感谢各位领导和同仁的支持与厚爱，能够让我有机会站在这里，与大家分享这一刻的光荣与喜悦。
加入恒瑞这个大家庭已有两年又7个月的时间里，让我真正体会到了，恒瑞的温暖与关爱，以及恒瑞的企业文化，和对人才的关心、培养与重视。
今天能够站在这里发言，并且是代表优秀员工的发言，在这里我要感谢每一位帮助过我的领导和同事，是你们的支持帮助与信任，才使得今天的广东市场打开了一定的局面，在高端食品领域也逐步得到了客户的认可与支持。
20__年，在公司“团结、规范、执行、升级”工作方针下，我作为一名普通的业务员，能真真体会到市场带给企业的压力和给我的动力!其实从20__年6月份刚入公司开始，到7月份下广东市场开发高端食品行业，一方面我们恒瑞在这个新的市场、新的行业中，在没有基础，没有客户资源，没有样板客户等条件下，市场开括起来困难重重;一方面是客户不太信任我们产品，想要从其他客户手中抢到一部分市场，只有凭借公司过硬的产品和一颗执着的恒心，再加上各位领导及同仁们，始终站在我身后，给予了很多的帮助与支持，让我有幸坚持一路走了过来，没有半途而费。
事实上，对于我们这个变性淀粉销售行业而言，是一个出结果和成绩相对较为缓慢的过程，(就像竹子的生长一样，竹子用4年的时间仅仅长了3cm，在第五年开始，以每天30cm的速度疯狂的生长，仅仅用6周就可以长到15米，其实在前面的4年，竹子将根在土壤里延伸了数百米。)我们也是一样只要坚持不断的去前进，终归收获客户与业绩。业绩一点一点，一步一个台阶走出了一点成绩，从刚开始连续4月没业绩，到第5月的第一个客户才半吨货，半年才实现了3吨的业务量。曾经的一度灰心，是领导、同事们的支持、帮助下，通过努力20__年实现71吨的销量;20__年更是突破了300吨，并成功开发了6个新客户，可以说是从量变到质变的升级。
以上，也仅仅说明20__年的一点工作回顾，还谈不上成绩。20__年，坚持“强化、深化、细化”工作思路下，围绕高端品逐步体现出来的优势，加大业务销量和开发新客户的力度，以落实强化、深化、细化工作，我也力争在高端品领域实现自己更大的突破，力争实现600吨销量的目标任务。我相信，我能做到，同时，也鼓励新加入我们销售团队的同仁们，只要努力，只要坚持，付出总会得到回报的!
同时，我个人认为：恒瑞这个大平台是一个充满活力和正能量的企业，公司所提倡的孝贤文化，以及以人为本的理念，使我在工作中感到非常的愉快与轻松。各位领导和同事们的平易近人，使公司整个办公环境变得充满活力和激情。没有压抑感，这也是我来恒瑞两年多的时间里最大的感受，我很喜欢这种环境，也很珍惜这个平台和机会。我希望我们的恒瑞，我们的大家庭越来越好，越来越强大，只有这样我们的个人小家庭，才会更幸福温暖，更有钱景!大家也都明白大河无水小河干的道理，所以恒瑞的明天也是我们的未来。公司的发展与进步，离不开我们每个人的添砖加瓦!我们每个人都有责任和义务去为这个大家庭去贡献自己的一份力量。愿我们的公司，我们的恒瑞，在未来的日子里，一天比一天美好，一年比一年辉煌。
在此我也祝愿各位领导各位同事，在新的一年里，新年快乐，身体健康，万事如意!
in a funny, rapid-fire 4 minutes, ale_is ohanian of reddit tells thereal-life fable of one humpback whale's rise to web stardom. the lesson ofmister splashy pants is a shoo-in classic for meme-makers and marketers in thefacebook age.
这段有趣的4分钟演讲，来自 reddit 网站创始人 ale_isohanian。他讲了一个座头鲸在网上一夜成名的真实故事。“溅水先生”的故事是脸书时代米姆(小编注：根据《牛津英语词典》，meme被定义为：“文化的基本单位，通过非遗传的方式，特别是模仿而得到传递。”)制造者和传播者共同创造的经典案例。
演讲的开头，ale_is ohanian介绍了“溅水先生”的故事。“绿色和平”环保组织为了阻止日本的捕鲸行为，在一只鲸鱼体内植入新片，并发起一个为这只座头鲸起名的活动。“绿色和平”组织希望起低调奢华有内涵的名字，但经过reddit的宣传和推动，票数最多的却是非常不高大上的“溅水先生”这个名字。经过几番折腾，“绿色和平”接受了这个名字，并且这一行动成功阻止了日本捕鲸活动。
演讲内容节选(ale_ ohanian 从社交网络的角度分析这个事件)
and actually, redditors in the internet community were happy toparticipate, but they weren't whale lovers. a few of them certainly were. butwe're talking about a lot of people who were just really interested and reallycaught up in this great meme, and in fact someone from greenpeace came back onthe site and thanked reddit for its participation. but this wasn't really out ofaltruism. this was just out of interest in doing something cool.
事实上，reddit的社区用户们很高兴参与其中，但他们并非是鲸鱼爱好者。当然，他们中的一小部分或许是。我们看到的是一群人积极地去参与到这个米姆(社会活动)中，实际上“绿色和平”中的人登陆 ，感谢大家的参与。网友们这么做并非是完全的利他主义。他们只是觉得做这件事很酷。
and this is kind of how the internet works. this is that great big secret.because the internet provides this level playing field. your link is just asgood as your link, which is just as good as my link. as long as we have abrowser, anyone can get to any website no matter how big a budget you have.
这就是互联网的运作方式。这就是我说的秘密。因为互联网提供的是一个机会均等平台。你分享的链接跟他分享的链接一样有趣，我分享的链接也不赖。只要我们有一个浏览器，不论你的财富几何，你都可以去到想浏览的页面。
the other important thing is that it costs nothing to get that contentonline now. there are so many great publishing tools that are available, it onlytakes a few minutes of your time now to actually produce something. and the costof iteration is so cheap that you might as well give it a go.
另外，从互联网获取内容不需要任何成本。如今，互联网有各种各样的发布工具，你只需要几分钟就可以成为内容的提供者。这种行为的成本非常低，你也可以试试。
and if you do, be genuine about it. be honest. be up front. and one of thegreat lessons that greenpeace actually learned was that it's okay to losecontrol. the final message that i want to share with all of you -- that you cando well online. if you want to succeed you've got to be okay to just losecontrol. thank you.
如果你真的决定试试，那么请真挚、诚实、坦率地去做。“绿色和平”在这个故事中获得的教训是，有时候失控并不一定是坏事。最后我想告诉你们的是——你可以在网络上做得很好。如果你想在网络上成功，你得经得起一点失控。谢谢。
I grew up diagnosed as phobically shy,
我从小就有社交恐惧症
and like at least 20 other people in a room of this size,
这样的空间 大约20人
I was a stutterer.
就能让以前的我结巴语塞
Do you dare raise your hand?
更别提举手了 根本不可能
And it sticks with us.
这种困扰如影随形
It really does stick with us,
你走到哪 它就跟到哪
because when we are treated that way,
当大家对你的存在视若无睹
we feel invisible sometimes,
你会开始感觉自己是隐形人
or talked around and at.
而别人都在你背后窃窃私语
And as I started to look at people,
后来我仔细去观察周遭的人
which is mostly all I did,
一直以来我都只敢默默观察
I noticed that some people really wanted attention
然后发现有些人无法忍受被忽视
and recognition.
他们要得到大家的注意力和认同
Remember, I was young then.
当时我年轻、懵懂
So what did they do? What we still do perhaps too often?
渴望注意力的人会做什么? 也许现在太多人在做一样的事而不自知
We talk about ourselves.
他们谈论的常常都是自己
And yet there are other people I observed who had what I called a mutualitymindset.
但另一批人就不同了 我说他们的人际关系 往往有一种“互相”的心态
In each situation, they found a way to talk about us and create that “us”idea.
无论什么场合 他们的谈话里都会出现“我们”这个概念
So my idea to reimagine the world is to see it one where we all becomegreater opportunity-makers with and for others.
在我心目中的理想世界 每个人都能为自己和别人创造机会
There’s no greater opportunity or call for action for us now
就是现在 我们必须把握良机、采取行动
than to become opportunity-makers who use best talents together more oftenfor the greater good
多去整合各种才能 尽可能的利益他人
and accomplish things we couldn’t have done on our own.
一人做不到的 多人或许有办法
And I want to talk to you about that,
这就是我今天的重点
cause even more than giving,
比单纯给予
even more than giving,
施舍、捐赠更有影响力的
is the capacity for us to do something smarter together
就是人们学会集思广益
for the greater good that lifts us both up
共同合作 创造双赢局面
and that can scale.
其中的利益会一层层积累
That’s why I’m sitting here.
这是我今天演讲的重点
But I also want to point something else out.
不过我还想说一件事
Each one of you is better than anybody else at something.
台下的你必定在某些事上比其他人都拿手
That disproves that popular notion that if you’re the smartest person inthe room,
和那句名言“你绝不是这里最厉害的人”
you’re in the wrong room.
恰恰相反
So let me tell you about a Hollywood party I went to a couple yearsback,
我在几年前的一个好莱坞聚会上
and I met this up-and-coming actress,
遇见了位有潜力的女演员
and we were soon talking about something that we both felt passionatelyabout,
我们很快就找到共同话题-
public art.
公共艺术
And she had the fervent belief that every new building in Los Angeles
她坚信洛杉矶的每栋建筑里
should have public art in it. She wanted a regulation for it,
都应该有公共艺术 她想要一套专属公共艺术的规范
and she fervently started,
所以她兴忡忡的着手进行
What is here from Chicago?
这里有谁是芝加哥人吗?
She fervently started talking about these bean-shaped reflective sculpturesin Millennium Park,
她滔滔不绝的说着千禧公园里的云门雕塑
and people would walk up to it
人们好奇的上前一探究竟
and they’d smile in the reflection of it,
看着自己的映像微笑
and they’d pose and they’d vamp and they’d take selfies together
摆pose、赞叹、自拍留念
and they’d laugh.
然后笑成一团
And as she was talking, a thought came to my mind.
听着听着 我突然灵光乍现
I said, “I know someone you ought to meet.
我告诉她: “妳应该见见这个人
He’s getting out of San Quentin in a couple of weeks
再几周他就要从圣昆丁州立监狱出来了
and he shares your fervent desire that art should engage and enable peopleto connect.”
他跟妳一样 觉得艺术应该让人有共鸣、激发想像力”
He spent five years in solitary,
他被单独监禁了五年
and I met him because I gave a speech at San Quentin,
我因为在圣昆丁演讲 而与他结识
and he’s articulate
他口条不错
and he’s rather easy on the eyes
长的也不赖
because he’s buff. He had workout regime he did everyday.
因为他是条热爱健身的汉子
I think she was following me at that point.
女演员大概还满有兴趣的
I said, “he’d be an une_pected ally.”
我又说: “他会是个得力助手”
And not just that. There’s James. He’s an architect
除了他之外 我把詹姆也拉进来 詹姆是建筑师
and he’s a professor,
也是个教授
and he loves place-making, and place-making is when you have thosemini-plazas
他对地方营造很有兴趣 外头的小广场、
and those urban walkways
城市人行道
and where they’re dotted with art,
任何有艺术点缀的地方 都属于地方营造的范畴
where people draw and come up and talk sometimes.
许多人会在那儿画画、闲聊
I think they’d make good allies.
我想他们一定能合作无间
And indeed they were.
果真没错
They met together. They prepared.
他们碰面之后 就开始筹备
They spoke in front of the Lost Angeles City Council.
到洛杉矶市政府传达诉求
And the council members not only passed the regulation,
结果市议员通过了他们订的条例
half of them came down and asked to pose with them afterwards.
之后甚至半数议员还去与艺术品合影
They were startling, compelling and credible.
他们给人的印象是震慑、具说服力、可靠
You can’t buy that.
全都是用钱买不到的
What I’m asking you to consider is what kind of opportunity-makers we mightbecome,
希望各位想想自己能成为哪种机会制造者
because more than wealth
比财富、
or fancy titles
头衔、
or a lot of contacts,
人脉更可观的
it’s our capacity to connect around each other’s better side and bring itout.
是我们发掘他人优点的能力
And I’m not saying this is easy,
这一点都不容易
and I’m sure many of you have made the wrong moves too about who you wantedto connect with,
相信许多人都有找错对象、牵错线的经验
but what I want to suggest is, this is an opportunity.
但毕竟都是个“机会”
I started thinking about it way back when I was a Wall Street Journalreporter and I was in Europe
这个领悟要从好几年前说起 当时我在欧洲 担任华尔街日报记者
and I was supposed to cover trends and trends that transcended business orpolitics or lifestyle.
采访内容为时尚与流行 跨越商业、政治、生活型态隔阂的流行
So I had to have contacts in different worlds very different than mine,
因此得和背景截然不同的人打交道
because otherwise you couldn’t spot the trends.
否则就无法掌握潮流走向
And third, I had to write a story in a way stepping into the reader’sshoes,
写故事时 还得设身处地为读者想
they could see how these trends could affect their lives.
要让他们觉得自己和这些潮流息息相关
That’s what opportunity-makers do.
这就是机会制造者的任务
And here’s a strange thing:
奇怪之处在于
Unlike an increasing number of Americans who are working and living andplaying with people who think e_actly like them
越来越多人工作、生活、娱乐都喜欢寻找与自己相似的人
because we then become more rigid and e_treme,
久而久之就变得挑剔、极端起来
opportunity-makers are actively seeking situations with people unlikethem,
机会制造者寻找与自己不相似的人
and they’re building relationships,
和他们建立关系
and because they do that,
这样做的话
they have trusted relationships where they can bring the right team in
两方之间就有互信 能在适当的时机介绍彼此适当的人
and recruit them to solve a problem better and faster and seize moreopportunities.
用更快、更好的方法解决问题 同时也抓住了更多机会
They’re not affronted by differences.
机会创造者不会被歧异冒犯
They’re fascinated by them,
反而深受吸引
and that is a huge shift in mindset,
这是心态上的极端不同
and once you feel it, you want it to happen a lot more.
你一旦意识到 就会为它的魅力着迷
This world is calling out for us to have a collective mindset,
和别人形成“共同体”才是王道
and I believe in doing that.
我个人深信
It’s especially important now.
携手合作在这世代特别重要
Why is it important now?
为什么呢?
Because things can be devised like drones
机器小帮手
and drugs and data collection,
药物开发、数据收集
and they can be devised by more people.
都可以让更多人参与其中
and cheaper ways for beneficial purposes
用更经济的方式创造收益
and then, as we know from the news every day, they can be used fordangerous ones.
只是水能载舟 亦能复舟 也可能被有心人士利用
It calls on us, each of us, to a higher calling.
这个理念非常需要大家的重视
But here’s the icing on the cake:
成为机会制造者是一箭双雕
It’s not just the first opportunity that you do with somebody else that’sprobably your greatest,
除了获得和更高竿对象合作的机会
as an institution or an individual.
无论对于机构或个人来说
It’s after you’ve had that e_perience and you trust each other.
都是开启了这扇门 建立信任后
It’s the une_pected things that you devise later on you never could havepredicted.
团队合作带来的惊人成果
For e_ample, Marty is the husband of that actress I mentioned,
麦迪是那位女演员的丈夫
and he watched them when they were practicing,
詹姆等三人排练时 他就在旁边看
and he was soon talking to Wally, my friend the e_-con,
并很快和韦利聊开了 就是刚出狱的那位
about that e_ercise regime.
大概在聊健身吧?
And he thought, I have a set of racquetball courts.
麦迪心想: “我有个壁球馆
That guy could teach it. A lot of people who work there are members at mycourts.
韦利可以来当教练 很多教练都是体育馆的会员
They’re frequent travelers.
他们很常来我这边
They could practice in their hotel room, no equipment provided.
旅馆房间里没有设备 也照样能练习”
That’s how Wally got hired.
韦利就这样得到了板球教练的工作
Not only that, years later he was also teaching racquetball.
几年后他也开始教壁球学生
Years after that, he was teaching the racquetball teachers.
再过了几年则是教壁球老师
What I’m suggesting is, when you connect with people
我想说的是 当你把周遭有相同兴趣、
around a shared interest and action,
喜好的人圈在一块
you’re accustomed to serendipitous things happening into the future,
就会逐渐适应随之而来、意想不到的收获
and I think that’s what we’re looking at.
我想这才是至关重要
We open ourselves up to those opportunities,
面对机会 我们敞开心胸
and in this room are key players and technology,
关键推手-这里的你们 再加上科技
key players who are uniquely positioned to do this,
每个人各司其职 有自己的位置
to scale systems and projects together.
提升制度和计划的整体价值
So here’s what I’m calling for you to do. Remember the three traits ofopportunity-makers.
我想拜讬大家的 就是记得机会制造者的三项特质
Opportunity-makers keep honing their top strength
一、机会制造者不断磨练自己专长
and they become pattern seekers.
开拓事物运作的新方式
They get involved in different worlds than their worlds
二、他们乐于接触不同人的世界
so they’re trusted and they can see those patterns,
获取信任 学习各种合作方式
and they communicate to connect around sweet spots of shared interest.
三、他们周旋于各方之间 让参与的人都分一杯羹
So what I’m asking you is, the world is hungry.
我想说的是 人与人之间太缺乏连结
I truly believe, in my firsthand e_perience,
根据亲身经验 我相信
the world is hungry for us to unite together as opportunity-makers
这世界很需要机会制造者
and to emulate those behaviors as so many of you already do, I know thatfirsthand,
可能台下的你已经是其中之一 大家都应该效仿机会制造者
and to reimagine a world where we use our best talents together
重塑我们的世界 融合各领域人才
more often to accomplish greater thing together than we could on ourown.
一人不能做的事 借由合作来完成
Just remember,
请把这句话放在心上
as Dave Liniger once said,
大卫˙林杰说过
“You can’t succeed coming to the potluck with only a fork.”
“只带一只叉子就来百乐餐的人 永远无法成功”(注: 后衍伸为商业成长需要集体合作、贡献)
Thank you very much.
谢谢大家
Thank you.
谢谢。
在东京的这个学校，五岁大的孩子们能引发拥堵，窗户是留给圣诞老人爬进来的。让我们来看看：世界上最可爱的幼儿园，由建筑师TakaharuTezuka所设计。在这段演讲中，他向我们讲述了这一设计的由来以及它如何真正让孩子们的天性得到解放。
这是我们在20xx年设计的一个幼儿园。我们把它建成了一个环形。在屋顶上面，是一个无尽的循环。如果你是一名家长，你就知道，小孩儿们喜欢不停的转圈。那么这就是房顶的样子。
为什么我们要把它设计成这样呢？这家幼儿园的园长说："不，我不想要护栏。”我说：“那不可能。”但他坚持说：“那要不……就在屋顶边做一圈向外延伸的防护网？这样它就能接住跌落的小孩儿？“（笑声）我说：“那不可能。”
然后，当然，政府的官员告诉我：“当然，你必须得有护栏。”但我们还是可以把那个防护网的想法在树上实现。那儿有三棵从屋顶穿出的树。我们被允许用绳索当作护栏。但是，当然，绳索对小孩儿来说根本没用。他们会故意掉进去。然后更多人掉进去，还有更多，更多……（笑声）有时会有40个小孩儿同时围着树一起玩儿。那个爬在树枝上的男孩儿，他很爱这棵树，一直在不停的啃树皮。（笑声）
当幼儿园里搞活动的时候，他们就坐在围栏的边缘（观看）。这画面从下面看起来很美。简直就是动物园里的猴子。（笑声）喂食时间到～（笑声）（鼓掌）
我们把房顶尽量做得低矮，因为我们想让孩子们在屋顶上玩，而不是缩在屋檐下。如果房顶太高，你看到的就只有天花板了。
还有洗脚的地方——那儿有很多种水龙头。你可以看到，有弹性的软管…让人忍不住想用它往朋友身上喷水玩，还有淋浴的喷头…还有前面的这种…是很普通的水龙头。但是如果你仔细看，这小男孩其实并没在洗他的靴子，他是在往靴子里灌水……（笑声）
这家幼儿园完全是开放的，几乎整年都开放着。它的内部和外部之间，没有明确的界限。因此，这意味着，基本上，这个建筑，就只有一个屋顶。同样的，它的教室之间也没有界限。所以那里没有任何听觉上的阻碍。要知道，如果你把很多小孩放进一个安静的封闭空间，他们中的一些人会变得非常紧张。但在这个幼儿园里，他们没有任何理由去紧张。因为到处都没有界限。
他们的园长说，如果角落里的那个男孩儿不想呆在教室里，我们就放他走。他最终会回来的，因为这是个圆，他会转回来的。（笑声）
最关键的是，通常在这种情况下，小孩儿会试图藏在某个地方。但在这里，他们走掉之后，就只能绕一圈回来。这是个自然的过程。
其次，我们认为，噪音是非常重要的。你得知道，小孩儿在噪音里睡得更香。他们是不会在安静的空间里睡着的。在这家幼儿园里，孩子们在课堂里表现出惊人的注意力。大家知道，我们人类原本就是在那种充满噪音的丛林里长大的。——他们需要噪音。你还能够在嘈杂的酒吧里跟朋友聊天。你本来就能够适应嘈杂的环境。
当今时代，我们一直在尝试要控制所有的事情。但在这里，它是完全开放的。你们也应该知道：我们能在零下二十度的冬天滑雪。夏天，你去游泳海边的沙子高达50摄氏度。我们就是这样适应环境的。而且我们人类是防水的。不可能因为一场雨就融化了。所以，我们认为小孩儿就该呆在室外。这才是我们对待他们的正确方式。
这是他们分隔教室的方式。他们本来应该帮助老师的。但…他们没有…（笑声）不是我把他放进去的……这就是教室了。还有洗手池。他们在水池边聊天。而且教室里总是有一些树的……一只猴子想要把另一只猴子钓上去。（笑声）看，猴子们。（笑声）每个教室都至少有一个天窗。这样在圣诞节的时候，圣诞老人才有地方爬下来。
这是幼儿园的附属建筑，就建在那个椭圆形幼儿园的旁边。这个建筑只有5米高，可是里面设计了7层的空间。当然，这导致它的天花板非常矮。因此我们不得不考虑安全问题。所以，我们放了两个孩子进去，一个女孩儿，一个男孩儿。他们努力地钻进去。他撞到头了。他没事。他的骨头很硬。他适应能力很强的。因为这是我儿子。（笑声）他还在试着看能不能安全地跳下去。然后我们放了更多孩子进去。
东京的堵车太糟糕了，你懂的。（笑声）前面那个司机，她还得好好学学开车。在这个年代，孩子们需要接触一些轻微的危险。因为在这种状况下，他们就会学会互相帮助。这就是社会。这些（教育）机会正是我们如今逐渐丧失的。
现在看这幅图，它展现了一个男孩在9：10到9：30之间的运动轨迹。这栋建筑的周长是183米。它真的已经不能算小了！所以这个男孩，一早上就运动了6000米。最令人惊讶的还不止这个。这家幼儿园里的孩子们平均运动距离是4000米。与大多数幼儿园相比，这里的孩子有着最高的运动能力。园长说了：“我们不需要督促他们进行户外锻炼。把他们放到屋顶上就行。就像放羊一样。“（笑声）他们就会不停地跑啊跑。（笑声）
我的观念就是，不要去“控制”他们，也不要过多地“保护”他们，——他们有时也需要摔倒，也需要受点伤。这样他们就会从中学到如何在这个世界上生存。我认为，建筑可以改变这个世界，可以改变人们的生活。这座幼儿园，就是其中一个尝试，它改变了孩子们的生活。
非常感谢。
大家好!我今天演讲的题目是《青春》。
青春如行云流水，淌指而过，抓不住也握不稳，因此青春也显得格外珍贵，容不得半点浪费，但亲爱的朋友，请不必感叹青春的柔弱易逝，她是如此富有生机与精彩。她能够支持你站稳岗位，负好己责，拼搏出你要的生活。那么正值青春的我们，就应该乘青春正值旺季，草长莺飞之时，怀揣着激情，勇敢的面对生活，燃放自己，用流逝的青春去换一个我们要的明天。
还记得刚来到大学的日子吗?想起来，不远，仿似昨天，可细细想下来，又觉得是好远，好像已经是好远的好久以前了。回味这一路走来，有高考后自己汗水没有白流的欣慰，有考入大学时的兴奋，有离开家遇见她们的悸动。当然，也有过难过与失意，或者悲伤和失落，因为学校的小道没有林荫，食堂大妈的手艺不合我们的胃口，教室桌椅的坐着不舒服等等。可是随着我们携手上课下课，吃饭玩耍，开开玩笑间，多出来的胡茬也悄悄的留下了岁月的痕迹的两年里，逝去的青春，我们渐渐熟悉，拥有了熟悉的笑脸，亲切的言语，可以曰人，可以曰家，可以曰天下。慢慢的那些细小的不满与失意也尽然被图书馆里的书香掩盖，翻阅一页页间，学习充满了我们青春的每一个角落。看似如此简单，琐碎，却也无不在努力勾勒出我们多姿多彩的青春。
此时，那些流年里的光景也忽隐忽现得很好看。原来拥有青春的我们是如此富有，因为年轻，就有资本，我们用来投资明天，投资下一个属于美好的自己。想着梦想，践行着一步两步，越走越远。放弃了叫嚣，学会了低头。放低了身段，学会了静修。看清自己要走的道路，研修我们要有的专业。装几本书，压压包，穿行于向左向右的知识之路，紧紧的身影，只因追求学海的博大。握几只笔，弯弯手，画摆于朝里朝外的锦绣蓝图，沙沙的响声，只为设计美好的明天。没有花前月下的甜蜜，也不羡慕牡丹花下的香醉，尽管单调，但却不会在等到将来有一天，青春一到用时方恨曾经虚度。我们青春，我们简单，我们过季时间，纯酿出自己的舞酒。
亲爱的朋友们，不可否认我们都迷茫过。因为这因为那，放纵过、难过过、冲突过、生气过、莫名过，可是在每一个夜晚过后，新的一天又如约而至，又有一天的时间来改变改善，那么我们还有什么理由继续生气、放纵…以至于浪费我们如此珍贵的青春。青春是短暂的，但是就是再短暂的时光也没有借口在我们的生命里虚度。我们要尽青春之力，负生命之责，付出自己，馈赠给予，收获人生财富，留着在以后的岁月给我们成长和成熟提供一个契机。那么同学，如果你还在迷茫，抛弃迷茫吧，把握人生的航向，牢记勤字当头，不懈摇桨，搏击涛海大浪，泛舟人生。用我们的青春和生命奏响时代的强音，用我们的聪明和勇气扬起理想的风帆，打开成功的阀门，让美好的下一刻顺流而来，绘画出人生精彩的篇章。
我的演讲完了，谢谢!
我是个说书之人。在这里，我想和大家分享一些我本人的故事。一些关于所谓的“单一故事的危险性”的经历。我成长在尼日利亚东部的一所大学校园里。我母亲常说我从两岁起就开始读书。不过我认为“四岁起”比较接近事实。所以我从小就开始读书，读的是英国和美国的儿童书籍。
我也是从小就开始写作，当我在七岁那年，开始强迫我可怜的母亲阅读我用铅笔写好的故事，外加上蜡笔描绘的插图时，我所写的故事正如我所读的故事那般，我故事里的人物们都是白皮肤、蓝眼睛的。常在雪中嬉戏，吃着苹果。而且他们经常讨论天气，讨论太阳出来时，一切都多么美好。我一直写着这样故事，虽然说我当时住在尼日利亚，并且从来没有出过国。虽然说我们从来没见过雪，虽然说我们实际上只能吃到芒果；虽然说我们从不讨论天气，因为根本没这个必要。
我故事里的人物们也常喝姜汁啤酒，因为我所读的那些英国书中的人物们常喝姜汁啤酒。虽然说我当时完全不知道姜汁啤酒是什么东西。时隔多年，我一直都怀揣着一个深切的渴望，想尝尝姜汁啤酒的味道。不过这要另当别论了。
这一切所表明的，正是在一个个的故事面前，我们是何等的脆弱，何等的易受影响，尤其当我们还是孩子的时候，因为我当时读的所有书中只有外国人物，我因而坚信：书要想被称为书，就必须有外国人在里面，就必须是关于我无法亲身体验的事情，而这一切都在我接触了非洲书籍之后发生了改变。当时非洲书并不多，而且他们也不像国外书籍那样好找。不过因为！和！之类的作家，我思维中对于文学的概念，产生了质的改变。我意识到像我这样的人———有着巧克力般的肤色和永远无法梳成马尾辫的卷曲头发的女孩们，也可以出现在文学作品中。
我开始撰写我所熟知的事物，但这并不是说我不喜爱那些美国和英国书籍，恰恰相反，那些书籍激发了我的想象力，为我开启了新的世界。但随之而来的后果就是，我不知道原来像我这样的人，也是可以存在于文学作品中的，而与非洲作家的结缘，则是将我从对于书籍的单一故事中拯救了出来。
我来自一个传统的尼日利亚中产家庭，我的父亲是一名教授，我的母亲是一名大学管理员。因此我们和很多其他家庭一样，都会从附近的村庄中雇佣一些帮手来打理家事。在我八岁那一年，我们家招来了一位新的男仆。他的名字叫做FIDE。我父亲只告诉我们说，他是来自一个非常穷苦的家庭，我母亲会时不时的将山芋、大米，还有我们穿旧的衣服送到他的家里。每当我剩下晚饭的时候，我的母亲就会说：吃净你的食物！难道你不知道吗？像FIDE家这样的人可是一无所有。因此我对他们家人充满了怜悯。
后来的一个星期六，我们去FIDE的村庄拜访，他的母亲向我们展示了一个精美别致的草篮————用FIDE的哥哥用染过色的酒椰叶编制的。我当时完全被震惊了。我从来没有想过FIDE的家人居然有亲手制造东西的才能。在那之前，我对FIDE家唯一的了解就是他们是何等的穷困，正因为如此，他们在我脑中的印象只是一个字——————“穷”。他们的贫穷是我赐予他们的单一故事。
多年以后，在我离开尼日利亚前往美国读大学的时候，我又想到了这件事。我那时19岁，我的美国室友当时完全对我感到十分惊讶了。他问我是从哪里学的讲一口如此流利的英语，而当我告知她尼日利亚刚巧是以英语作为官方语言的时候，她的脸上则是写满了茫然。她问我是否可以给她听听她所谓的“部落音乐”，可想而知，当我拿出玛丽亚凯莉的磁带时，她是何等的失望，她断定我不知道如何使用电炉。
我猛然意识到“在他见到我之前，她就已经对我充满了怜悯之心。她对我这个非洲人的预设心态是一种充满施恩与好意的怜悯之情。我那位室友的脑中有一个关于非洲的单一故事。一个充满了灾难的单一故事。在这个单一的故事中，非洲人是完全没有可能在任何方面和她有所相似的；没有可能接收到比怜悯更复杂的感情；没有可能以一个平等的人类的身份与她沟通。
我不得不强调，在我前往美国之前，我从来没有有意识的把自己当做个非洲人。但在美国的时候，每当人们提到”非洲“时，大家都会转向我，虽然我对之类的地方一无所知。但我渐渐的开始接受这个新的身份，现在很多时候我都是把自己当做一个非洲人来看待。不过当人们把非洲当做一个国家来讨论的时候，我还是觉得挺反感的。最近的一次例子就发生在两天前，我从拉各斯搭乘航班，旅程原本相当愉快，直到广播里开始介绍在”印度、非洲以及其他国家”所进行的慈善事业。
当我以一名非洲人的身份在美国读过几年之后，我开始理解我那位室友当时对我的反应。如果我不是在尼日利亚长大，如果我对非洲的一切认识都是来自于大众流行的影像，我相信我眼中的非洲也同样是充满了美丽的地貌、美丽的动物，以及一群难以理解的人们进行着毫无意义的战争、死于艾滋和贫穷、无法为自己辩护，并且等待着一位慈悲的、白种的外国人的救赎，我看待非洲的方式将会和我儿时看待FIDE一家的方式是一样的。
我认为关于非洲的这个单一故事从根本上来自于西方的文学。这是来自伦敦商人JohnLocke的一段话。他在1561年的时候，曾游历非洲西部，并且为他的航行做了翻很有趣的记录。他先是把黑色的非洲人称为“没有房子的野兽”，随后又写道：“他们也是一群无头脑的人，他们的嘴和眼睛都长在了他们的胸口上。”
我每次读到这一段的时候，都不禁大笑起来。他的想象力真的是让人敬佩。但关于他的作品极其重要的一点是它昭示着西方社会讲述非洲故事的一个传统，在这个传统中，撒哈拉以南的非洲充满了消极、差异以及黑暗，是伟大的诗人RudyardKipling笔下所形容的“半恶魔、半孩童”的奇异人种。
正因为如此，我开始意识到我的那位美国室友一定在她的成长过程中，看到并且听过关于这个单一故事的不同版本，就如同之前一位曾经批判我的小说缺乏“真实的非洲感”的教授一样。话说我倒是甘愿承认我的小说有几处写的不好的地方，有几处败笔，但我很难想象我的小说既然会缺乏“真实的非洲感”。事实上，我甚至不知道真实的非洲感到底是个什么东西。那位教授跟我说我书中的人物都和他太相近了，都是受过教育的中产人物。我的人物会开车，他们没有受到饥饿的困扰。正因此，他们缺乏了真实的非洲感。
我在这里不得不指出，我本人也常常被单一的故事蒙蔽双眼。几年前，我从美国探访墨西哥，当时美国的政治气候比较紧张。关于移民的辩论一直在进行着。而在美国，“移民”和“墨西哥人”常常被当做同义词来使用。关于墨西哥人的故事是源源不绝，讲的都是欺诈医疗系统、偷渡边境、在边境被捕之类的事情。
我还记得当我到达瓜达拉哈拉的第一天，看着人们前往工作，在市集上吃着墨西哥卷、抽着烟、大笑着，我记得我刚看到这一切时是何等的惊讶，但随后我的心中便充满了羞耻感。我意识到我当时完全被沉浸在媒体上关于墨西哥人的报道，以致于他们在我的脑中幻化成一个单一的个体———卑贱的移民。我完全相信了关于墨西哥人的单一故事，对此我感到无比的羞愧。这就是创造单一故事的过程，将一群人一遍又一遍地呈现为一个事物，并且只是一个事物，时间久了，他们就变成了那个事物。
而说到单一的故事，就自然而然地要讲到权力这个问题。每当我想到这个世界的权力结构的时候，我都会想起一个伊傅语中的单词，叫做“nkali”，它是一个名词，可以在大意上被翻译成”比另一个人强大。”就如同我们的经济和政治界一样，我们所讲的故事也是建立在它的原则上的。这些故事是怎样被讲述的、由谁来讲述、何时被讲述、有多少故事被讲述，这一切都取决于权力。
布琳。布朗致力于研究人与人的关系——我们感同身受的能力、获得归属感的能力、爱的能力。在TED休斯敦一次富有感染力的幽默谈话中，她跟我们分享了她的研究发现，一个让她更想深入了解自己以及人类的发现，洞悉人性也更了解自己。同时建议父母，全心全意去爱，即使没有回报、即使很困难，也要勇敢面对，因为感到脆弱代表我还活着，我们要相信自己够好，绝对值得被爱。
那我就这么开始吧：几年前，一个活动策划人打电话给我，因为我当时要做一个演讲。她在电话里说：“我真很苦恼该如何在宣传单上介绍你。”我心想，怎么会苦恼呢？她继续道：“你看，我听过你的演讲，我觉得我可以称你为研究者，可我担心的是，如果我这么称呼你，没人会来听，因为大家普遍认为研究员很无趣而且脱离现实。”（笑声）好。然后她说：“但是我喜欢你的演讲，就跟讲故事一样很吸引人。我想来想去，还是觉得称你为讲故事的人比较妥当。”而那个做学术的，感到不安的我脱口而出道：“你要叫我什么？”她说：“我要称你为讲故事的人。"我心想：”为什么不干脆叫魔法小精灵？“（笑声）我说：”让我考虑一下。“我试着鼓起勇气。我对自己说，我是一个讲故事的人。我是一个从事定性研究的科研人员。我收集故事；这就是我的工作。或许故事就是有灵魂的数据。或许我就是一个讲故事的人。于是我说：”听着，要不你就称我为做研究兼讲故事的人。“她说：”哈哈，没这么个说法呀。“（笑声）所以我是个做研究兼讲故事的人，我今天想跟大家谈论的——我们要谈论的话题是关于拓展认知——我想给你们讲几个故事是关于我的一份研究的，这份研究从本质上拓宽了我个人的认知，也确确实实改变了我生活、爱、工作还有教育孩子的方式。
我的故事从这里开始。当我还是个年轻的博士研究生的时候，第一年，有位研究教授对我们说：”事实是这样的，如果有一个东西你无法测量，那么它就不存在。“我心想他只是在哄哄我们这些小孩子吧。我说：“真的么？”他说：“当然。”你得知道我有一个社会工作的学士文凭，一个社会工作的硕士文凭，我在读的是一个社会工作的博士文凭，所以我整个学术生涯都被人所包围，他们大抵相信生活是一团乱麻，接受它。而我的观点则倾向于，生活是一团乱麻，解开它，把它整理好，再归类放入便当盒里。（笑声）我觉得我领悟到了关键，有能力去创一番事业，让自己——真的，社会工作的一个重要理念是置身于工作的不适中。我就是要把这不适翻个底朝天每科都拿到A。这就是我当时的信条。我当时真的是跃跃欲试。我想这就是我要的职业生涯，因为我对乱成一团，难以处理的课题感兴趣。我想要把它们弄清楚。我想要理解它们。我想侵入那些我知道是重要的东西把它们摸透，然后用浅显易懂的方式呈献给每一个人。
所以我的起点是“关系”。因为当你从事了20xx年的社会工作，你必然会发现关系是我们活着的原因。它赋予了我们生命的意义。就是这么简单。无论你跟谁交流工作在社会执法领域的也好，负责精神健康、虐待和疏于看管领域的也好我们所知道的是，关系是种感应的能力——生物神经上，我们是这么被设定的——这就是为什么我们在这儿。所以我就从关系开始。下面这个场景我们再熟悉不过了，你的上司给你作工作评估，她告诉了你37点你做得相当棒的地方，还有一点——成长的空间？（笑声）然后你满脑子都想着那一点成长的空间，不是么。这也是我研究的一个方面，因为当你跟人们谈论爱情，他们告诉你的是一件让他们心碎的事。当你跟人们谈论归属感，他们告诉你的是最让他们痛心的被排斥的经历。当你跟人们谈论关系，他们跟我讲的是如何被断绝关系的故事。
所以很快的——在大约开始研究这个课题6周以后——我遇到了这个前所未闻的东西它揭示了关系以一种我不理解也从没见过的方式。所以我暂停了原先的研究计划，对自己说，我得弄清楚这到底是什么。它最终被鉴定为耻辱感。耻辱感很容易理解，即害怕被断绝关系。有没有一些关于我的事如果别人知道了或看到了，会认为我不值得交往。我要告诉你们的是：这种现象很普遍；我们都会有（这种想法）。没有体验过耻辱的人不具有人类的同情或关系。没人想谈论自己的糗事，你谈论的越少，你越感到可耻。滋生耻辱感的是一种“我不够好。"的心态——我们都知道这是个什么滋味：”我不够什么。我不够苗条，不够有钱，不够漂亮，不够聪明，职位不够高。“而支撑这种心态的是一种刻骨铭心的脆弱，关键在于要想产生关系，我们必须让自己被看见，真真切切地被看见。
你知道我怎么看待脆弱。我恨它。所以我思考着，这次是轮到我用我的标尺击溃它的时候了。我要闯进去，把它弄清楚，我要花一年的时间，彻底瓦解耻辱，我要搞清楚脆弱是怎么运作的，然后我要智取胜过它。所以我准备好了，非常兴奋。跟你预计的一样，事与愿违。（笑声）你知道这个（结果）。我能告诉你关于耻辱的很多东西，但那样我就得占用别人的时间了。但我在这儿可以告诉你，归根到底——这也许是我学到的最重要的东西在从事研究的数十年中。我预计的一年变成了六年，成千上万的故事，成百上千个采访，焦点集中。有时人们发给我期刊报道，发给我他们的故事——不计其数的数据，就在这六年中。我大概掌握了它。
我大概理解了这就是耻辱，这就是它的运作方式。我写了本书，我出版了一个理论，但总觉得哪里不对劲——它其实是，如果我粗略地把我采访过的人分成具有自我价值感的人——说到底就是自我价值感——他们勇于去爱并且拥有强烈的归属感——另一部分则是为之苦苦挣扎的人，总是怀疑自己是否足够好的人。区分那些敢于去爱并拥有强烈归属感的人和那些为之而苦苦挣扎的人的变量只有一个。那就是，那些敢于去爱并拥有强烈归属感的人相信他们值得被爱，值得享有归属感。就这么简单。他们相信自己的价值。而对于我，那个阻碍人与人之间关系的最困难的部分是我们对于自己不值得享有这种关系的恐惧，无论从个人，还是职业上我都觉得我有必要去更深入地了解它。所以接下来我找出所有的采访记录找出那些体现自我价值的，那些持有这种观念的记录，集中研究它们。
这群人有什么共同之处？我对办公用品有点痴迷，但这是另一个话题了。我有一个牛皮纸文件夹，还有一个三福极好笔，我心想，我该怎么给这项研究命名呢？第一个蹦入我脑子的是全心全意这个词。这是一群全心全意，靠着一种强烈的自我价值感在生活的人们。所以我在牛皮纸夹的上端这样写道，而后我开始查看数据。事实上，我开始是用四天时间集中分析数据，我从头找出那些采访，找出其中的故事和事件。主题是什么？有什么规律？我丈夫带着孩子离开了小镇，因为我老是陷入像杰克逊。波洛克（美国近代抽象派画家）似的疯狂状态，我一直在写，完全沉浸在研究的状态中。下面是我的发现。这些人的共同之处在于勇气。我想在这里先花一分钟跟大家区分一下勇气和胆量。勇气，最初的定义，当它刚出现在英文里的时候——是从拉丁文cor，意为心，演变过来的——最初的定义是真心地叙述一个故事，告诉大家你是谁的。所以这些人就具有勇气承认自己不完美。他们具有同情心，先是对自己的，再是对他人的，因为，事实是，我们如果不能善待自己，我们也无法善待他人。最后一点，他们都能和他人建立关系，——这是很难做到的——前提是他们必须坦诚，他们愿意放开自己设定的那个理想的自我以换取真正的自我，这是赢得关系的必要条件。
他们还有另外一个共同之处那就是，他们全然接受脆弱。他们相信让他们变得脆弱的东西也让他们变得美丽。他们不认为脆弱是寻求舒适，也不认为脆弱是钻心的疼痛——正如我之前在关于耻辱的采访中听到的。他们只是简单地认为脆弱是必须的。他们会谈到愿意说出"我爱你"，愿意做些没有的事情，愿意等待医生的电话，在做完乳房X光检查之后。他们愿意为情感投资，无论有没有结果。他们觉得这些都是最根本的。
我当时认为那是背叛。我无法相信我尽然对科研宣誓效忠——研究的定义是控制（变量）然后预测，去研究现象，为了一个明确的目标，去控制并预测。而我现在的使命即控制并预测却给出了这样一个结果：要想与脆弱共存就得停止控制，停止预测于是我崩溃了——（笑声）——其实更像是这样。（笑声）它确实是。我称它为崩溃，我的心理医生称它为灵魂的觉醒。灵魂的觉醒当然比精神崩溃要好听很多，但我跟你说那的确是精神崩溃。然后我不得不暂且把数据放一边，去求助心理医生。让我告诉你：你知道你是谁当你打电话跟你朋友说：“我觉得我需要跟人谈谈。你有什么好的建议吗？“因为我大约有五个朋友这么回答：”喔。我可不想当你的心理医生。“（笑声）我说：”这是什么意思？“他们说：”我只是想说，别带上你的标尺来见我。“我说：”行。“
就这样我找到了一个心理医生。我跟她，戴安娜，的第一次见面——我带去了一份表单上面都是那些全身心投入生活的人的生活方式，然后我坐下了。她说：”你好吗？“我说：”我很好。还不赖。“她说：”发生了什么事？“这是一个治疗心理医生的心理医生，我们不得不去看这些心理医生，因为他们的废话测量仪很准（知道你什么时候在说真心话）。（笑声）所以我说：“事情是这样的。我很纠结。”她说：“你纠结什么？”我说：”嗯，我跟脆弱过不去。而且我知道脆弱是耻辱和恐惧的根源是我们为自我价值而挣扎的根源，但它同时又是欢乐，创造性，归属感，爱的源泉。所以我觉得我有问题，我需要帮助。“我补充道：”但是，这跟家庭无关，跟童年无关。“（笑声）“我只需要一些策略。”（笑声）（掌声）谢谢。戴安娜的反应是这样的。（笑声）我接着说：“这很糟糕，对么？”她说：“这不算好，也不算坏。”（笑声）“它本身就是这样。”我说：“哦，我的天，要悲剧了。”
（笑声）
（悲剧）果然发生了，但又没有发生。大概有一年的时间。你知道的，有些人当他们发现脆弱和温柔很重要的时候，他们放下所有戒备，欣然接受。（我要声明）一，这不是我，二，我朋友里面也没有这样的人。（笑声）对我来说，那是长达一年的斗争。是场激烈的混战。脆弱打我一拳，我又还击它一拳。最后我输了，但我或许赢回了我的生活。
然后我再度投入到了我的研究中，又花了几年时间真正试图去理解那些全身心投入生活的人，他们做了怎样的决定，他们是如何应对脆弱的。为什么我们为之痛苦挣扎？我是独自在跟脆弱斗争吗？不是。这是我学到的：我们麻痹脆弱——（例如）当我们等待（医生）电话的时候。好笑的是，我在Twitter微博和Facebook上发布了一条状态，“你怎样定义脆弱？什么会让你感到脆弱？“在1个半小时内，我收到了150条回复。因为我想知道大家都是怎么想的。（回复中有）不得不请求丈夫帮忙，因为我病了，而且我们刚结婚；跟丈夫提出要爱；跟妻子提出要爱；被拒绝；约某人出来；等待医生的答复；被裁员；裁掉别人——这就是我们生活的世界。我们活在一个脆弱的世界里。我们应对的方法之一是麻痹脆弱。
我觉得这不是没有依据——这也不是依据存在的唯一理由，我认为我们当代问题的一大部分都可以归咎于它——在美国历史上，我们是欠债最多，肥胖，毒瘾、用药最为严重的一代。问题是——我从研究中认识到——你无法选择性地麻痹感情。你不能说，这些是不好的。这是脆弱，这是悲哀，这是耻辱，这是恐惧，这是失望，我不想要这些情感。我要去喝几瓶啤酒，吃个香蕉坚果松饼。（笑声）我不想要这些情感。我知道台下传来的是会意的笑声。别忘了，我是靠“入侵”你们的生活过日子的。天哪。（笑声）你无法只麻痹那些痛苦的情感而不麻痹所有的感官，所有的情感。你无法有选择性地去麻痹。当我们麻痹那些（消极的情感），我们也麻痹了欢乐，麻痹了感恩，麻痹了幸福。然后我们会变得痛不欲生，我们继而寻找生命的意义，然后我们感到脆弱，然后我们喝几瓶啤酒，吃个香蕉坚果松饼。危险的循环就这样这形成了。
我们需要思考的一件事是我们是为什么，怎么样麻痹自己的。这不一定是指吸毒。我们麻痹自己的另一个方式是把不确定的事变得确定。宗教已经从一种信仰、一种对不可知的相信变成了确定。我是对的，你是错的。闭嘴。就是这样。只要是确定的就是好的。我们越是害怕，我们就越脆弱，然后我们变得愈加害怕。这件就是当今政治的现状。探讨已经不复存在。对话已经荡然无存。有的仅仅是指责。你知道研究领域是如何描述指责的吗？一种发泄痛苦与不快的方式。我们追求完美。如果有人想这样塑造他的生活，那个人就是我，但这行不通。因为我们做的只是把屁股上的赘肉挪到我们的脸上。（笑声）这真是，我希望一百年以后，当人们回过头来会不禁感叹：”哇！“
（笑声）
我们想要，这是最危险的，我们的孩子变得完美。让我告诉你我们是如何看待孩子的。从他们出生的那刻起，他们就注定要挣扎。当你把这些完美的宝宝抱在怀里的时候，我们的任务不是说：”看看她，她完美的无可挑剔。“而是确保她保持完美——保证她五年级的时候可以进网球队，七年级的时候稳进耶鲁。那不是我们的任务。我们的任务是注视着她，对她说，“你知道吗？你并不完美，你注定要奋斗，但你值得被爱，值得享有归属感。”这才是我们的职责。给我看用这种方式培养出来的一代孩子，我保证我们今天有的问题会得到解决。我们假装我们的行为不会影响他人。不仅在我们个人生活中我们这么做，在工作中也一样——无论是紧急救助，石油泄漏，还是产品召回——我们假装我们做的事对他人不会造成什么大影响。我想对这些公司说：嘿，这不是我们第一次牛仔竞技。我们只要你坦诚地，真心地说一句："对不起，我们会处理这个问题。“
但还有一种方法，我把它留给你们。这是我的心得：卸下我们的面具，让我们被看见，深入地被看见，即便是脆弱的一面；全心全意地去爱，尽管没有任何担保——这是最困难的，我也可以告诉你，作为一名家长，这个非常非常困难——带着一颗感恩的心，保持快乐哪怕是在最恐惧的时候哪怕我们怀疑：”我能不能爱得这么深？我能不能如此热情地相信这份感情？我能不能如此矢志不渝？“在消极的时候能打住，而不是一味地幻想事情会如何变得更糟，对自己说：”我已经很感恩了，因为能感受到这种脆弱，这意味着我还活着。“最后，还有最重要的一点，那就是相信我们已经做得够好了。因为我相信当我们在一个让人觉得“我已经足够了”的环境中打拼的时候我们会停止抱怨，开始倾听，我们会对周围的人会更友善，更温和，对自己也会更友善，更温和。
这就是我演讲的全部内容。谢谢大家。
（掌声）
是雄鹰终究要飞向蓝天，是鲜花终究要绽放芬芳，是金子终究要闪光发亮。伟人少时就写下“自信人生二百年，会当水击三千里”，周恩来总理从小就明志“为中华之崛起而读书。”众多名人，也就因为正确认识了自己，才有今时今日的辉煌成就。因此，我们每一个人只有正确认识自己，努力做好真正的自己，才能到达成功的彼岸。
哀莫大于心死，愁莫大于无志。不论遇到多大的风浪，我们都不能迷失自己，放弃自己!达尔文的老师都说他自质平庸，但他认识自己而对各种事物不断考察研究，最后还不是阐述出进化论?牛顿小学的成绩一团糟，但他认识自己而对问题苦苦思索，最后还不是发现了地心吸引力?罗丹考三次也没考进艺术学院，但他认识自己而一心一意地雕刻，最后还不是成为了着名的艺术家?
虽然人要有志，但却不能随便立志，要看清自己，要量力而行。就像鸟儿始终不能在水里游，鱼儿始终不能在天上飞，云儿始终不能自由飘荡那样，不是吗?古有东施模仿越国美女西施，见她心口疼时的模样美丽，也就学着做，结果招来众人的冷嘲热讽，今天的我们不能再犯同样的错误了。我们要认识自己，做不来的万不可学着做。
知己知彼，百战不殆。认识自己才有胜出的可能。好好认识自己，做一个常胜将军吧!
亲爱的同学们：
大家好!
今天我国旗下演讲的题目是《健康饮食从我做起》。
每一家的健康与食品息息相关，随着经济社会不断进步，人们饮食文化日益多样化，食品卫生与安全成为备受关注的话题。
要健康饮食，就要做到以下几点：
1.不购买街边小吃或街边小店的垃圾食品，去一些正规超市购买食物。
2.买所需食品时，要注意生产日期、保质期、QS生产许可标志等等。
3.认准品牌购买，尽量买一些有品牌的食品。
4.少吃油炸食品及零食，多吃蔬菜水果等有营养的食品。
5.不买价格明显过低的食品，不要贪小失大。
注意以上几点，就大致能做到安全饮食了。俗话说：“民以食为天”。说得通俗一点就是人们每天要吃和喝，食物是人类赖以生存的物质。食品的质量决定了人类生命的质量。因此，食品必须是安全的并且有益健康的。
同时，也呼吁食品安全，关系你我他，但愿生产者不再为食品安全脸红，国人不再为食品安全担心，国家不再为食品安全丢脸。现在，让我们一起行动起来，杜绝有害食品，倡导绿色食品!希望同学们听了我这次的讲话后都健康饮食，健康地成长。
谢谢大家!
敬爱的老师，亲爱的同学：
每一天清晨太阳都会从东边升起，到了傍晚就会从西边落下，这个没有任何一个人能够改变，同样我们没法让时间停止，也没不可能让别人怎摸样，唯一能改变的，仅有自己!
小的时候，我总会问别人这样一个问题：你觉得我好不好，那莫在你心中我排第几呢?尤其是对自己亲近的人，如果他们的回答让我不高兴的话，我总会很生气很生气，下意识的觉得他们不喜欢我，所以就拼命的让他们改变看法，谁出我满意的答案!并且让他们都也必须要为我而改变，否则我会很难过的!
此刻想起来的确是可笑至极了，可是在今日我仍会向好朋友问这样的问题。
可是初中毕竟不是以前了，渐渐的我和身边的同学变得很疏远，无论是男生还是女生，无论是班里的同学还是年级里面的，关系都不是很好，那种感觉真的好难受，我想哭，可是却不敢。
我不明白为什末，我无力去对别人说你应当，你必须之类的话了。
不明白为什末，一霎那间我忽然懂得了什莫，我想要求自己做些深末。可能是因为此刻的环境吧，我不再在乎别人的看法，只做自己而已。
我以往无数次的想过要改变自己，可是好像都失败了，我不想明白原因，只想做我自己，所以此刻的我不再在乎别人的看法，已经不再在乎很多事情了，我不明白这算不算改变，如果是的话，那末是变好还是坏!
可是我清楚的体会到此刻的生活比以前简便很多，趣味很多。
是啊，即使很多人都认为江山易改本性难移，可是改变自己还是比改变别人要容易得多吖!
my subject today is learning. and in that spirit, i want to spring on youall a pop quiz. ready? when does learning begin? now as you ponder thatquestion, maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool orkindergarten, the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher. ormaybe you've called to mind the toddler phase when children are learning how towalk and talk and use a fork. maybe you've encountered the zero-to-threemovement, which asserts that the most important years for learning are theearliest ones. and so your answer to my question would be: learning begins atbirth.
well today i want to present to you an idea that may be surprising and mayeven seem implausible, but which is supported by the latest evidence frompsychology and biology. and that is that some of the most important learning weever do happens before we're born, while we're still in the womb. now i'm ascience reporter. i write books and magazine articles. and i'm also a mother.and those two roles came together for me in a book that i wrote called"origins." "origins" is a report from the front lines of an e_citing new fieldcalled fetal origins. fetal origins is a scientific discipline that emerged justabout two decades ago, and it's based on the theory that our health andwell-being throughout our lives is crucially affected by the nine months wespend in the womb. now this theory was of more than just intellectual interestto me. i was myself pregnant while i was doing the research for the book. andone of the most fascinating insights i took from this work is that we're alllearning about the world even before we enter it.
when we hold our babies for the first time, we might imagine that they'reclean slates, unmarked by life, when in fact, they've already been shaped by usand by the particular world we live in. today i want to share with you some ofthe amazing things that scientists are discovering about what fetuses learnwhile they're still in their mothers' bellies.
first of all, they learn the sound of their mothers' voices. because soundsfrom the outside world have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue andthrough the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus, the voices fetuses hear,starting around the fourth month of gestation, are muted and muffled. oneresearcher says that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of charliebrown's teacher in the old "peanuts" cartoon. but the pregnant woman's own voicereverberates through her body, reaching the fetus much more readily. and becausethe fetus is with her all the time, it hears her voice a lot. once the baby'sborn, it recognizes her voice and it prefers listening to her voice over anyoneelse's.
how can we know this? newborn babies can't do much, but one thing they'rereally good at is sucking. researchers take advantage of this fact by rigging uptwo rubber nipples, so that if a baby sucks on one, it hears a recording of itsmother's voice on a pair of headphones, and if it sucks on the other nipple, ithears a recording of a female stranger's voice. babies quickly show theirpreference by choosing the first one. scientists also take advantage of the factthat babies will slow down their sucking when something interests them andresume their fast sucking when they get bored. this is how researchersdiscovered that, after women repeatedly read aloud a section of dr. seuss' "thecat in the hat" while they were pregnant, their newborn babies recognized thatpassage when they hear it outside the womb. my favorite e_periment of this kindis the one that showed that the babies of women who watched a certain soap operaevery day during pregnancy recognized the theme song of that show once they wereborn. so fetuses are even learning about the particular language that's spokenin the world that they'll be born into.
a study published last year found that from birth, from the moment ofbirth, babies cry in the accent of their mother's native language. french babiescry on a rising note while german babies end on a falling note, imitating themelodic contours of those languages. now why would this kind of fetal learningbe useful? it may have evolved to aid the baby's survival. from the moment ofbirth, the baby responds most to the voice of the person who is most likely tocare for it -- its mother. it even makes its cries sound like the mother'slanguage, which may further endear the baby to the mother, and which may givethe baby a head start in the critical task of learning how to understand andspeak its native language.
but it's not just sounds that fetuses are learning about in utero. it'salso tastes and smells. by seven months of gestation, the fetus' taste buds arefully developed, and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell, arefunctioning. the flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats find their way intothe amniotic fluid, which is continuously swallowed by the fetus. babies seem toremember and prefer these tastes once they're out in the world. in onee_periment, a group of pregnant women was asked to drink a lot of carrot juiceduring their third trimester of pregnancy, while another group of pregnant womendrank only water. si_ months later, the women's infants were offered cerealmi_ed with carrot juice, and their facial e_pressions were observed while theyate it. the offspring of the carrot juice drinking women ate morecarrot-flavored cereal, and from the looks of it, they seemed to enjoy itmore.
a sort of french version of this e_periment was carried out in dijon,france where researchers found that mothers who consumed food and drink flavoredwith licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy showed a preference for anise ontheir first day of life, and again, when they were tested later, on their fourthday of life. babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy showed areaction that translated roughly as "yuck." what this means is that fetuses areeffectively being taught by their mothers about what is safe and good to eat.fetuses are also being taught about the particular culture that they'll bejoining through one of culture's most powerful e_pressions, which is food.they're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices of theirculture's cuisine even before birth.
now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons. but beforei get to that, i want to address something that you may be wondering about. thenotion of fetal learning may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus --like playing mozart through headphones placed on a pregnant belly. but actually,the nine-month-long process of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb is alot more visceral and consequential than that. much of what a pregnant womanencounters in her daily life -- the air she breathes, the food and drink sheconsumes, the chemicals she's e_posed to, even the emotions she feels -- areshared in some fashion with her fetus. they make up a mi_ of influences asindividual and idiosyncratic as the woman herself. the fetus incorporates theseofferings into its own body, makes them part of its flesh and blood. and oftenit does something more. it treats these maternal contributions as information,as what i like to call biological postcards from the world outside.
so what a fetus is learning about in utero is not mozart's "magic flute"but answers to questions much more critical to its survival. will it be borninto a world of abundance or scarcity? will it be safe and protected, or will itface constant dangers and threats? will it live a long, fruitful life or ashort, harried one? the pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particularprovide important clues to prevailing conditions like a finger lifted to thewind. the resulting tuning and tweaking of a fetus' brain and other organs arepart of what give us humans our enormous fle_ibility, our ability to thrive in ahuge variety of environments, from the country to the city, from the tundra tothe desert.
to conclude, i want to tell you two stories about how mothers teach theirchildren about the world even before they're born. in the autumn of 1944, thedarkest days of world war ii, german troops blockaded western holland, turningaway all shipments of food. the opening of the nazi's siege was followed by oneof the harshest winters in decades -- so cold the water in the canals frozesolid. soon food became scarce, with many dutch surviving on just 500 calories aday -- a quarter of what they consumed before the war. as weeks of deprivationstretched into months, some resorted to eating tulip bulbs. by the beginning ofmay, the nation's carefully rationed food reserve was completely e_hausted. thespecter of mass starvation loomed. and then on may 5th, 1945, the siege came toa sudden end when holland was liberated by the allies.
the "hunger winter," as it came to be known, killed some 10,000 people andweakened thousands more. but there was another population that was affected --the 40,000 fetuses in utero during the siege. some of the effects ofmalnutrition during pregnancy were immediately apparent in higher rates ofstillbirths, birth defects, low birth weights and infant mortality. but otherswouldn't be discovered for many years. decades after the "hunger winter,"researchers documented that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siegehave more obesity, more diabetes and more heart disease in later life thanindividuals who were gestated under normal conditions. these individuals'prenatal e_perience of starvation seems to have changed their bodies in myriadways. they have higher blood pressure, poorer cholesterol profiles and reducedglucose tolerance -- a precursor of diabetes.
why would undernutrition in the womb result in disease later? onee_planation is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation. when food isscarce, they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain, andaway from other organs like the heart and liver. this keeps the fetus alive inthe short-term, but the bill comes due later on in life when those other organs,deprived early on, become more susceptible to disease.
but that may not be all that's going on. it seems that fetuses are takingcues from the intrauterine environment and tailoring their physiologyaccordingly. they're preparing themselves for the kind of world they willencounter on the other side of the womb. the fetus adjusts its metabolism andother physiological processes in anticipation of the environment that awaits it.and the basis of the fetus' prediction is what its mother eats. the meals apregnant woman consumes constitute a kind of story, a fairy tale of abundance ora grim chronicle of deprivation. this story imparts information that the fetususes to organize its body and its systems -- an adaptation to prevailingcircumstances that facilitates its future survival. faced with severely limitedresources, a smaller-sized child with reduced energy requirements will, in fact,have a better chance of living to adulthood.
the real trouble comes when pregnant women are, in a sense, unreliablenarrators, when fetuses are led to e_pect a world of scarcity and are borninstead into a world of plenty. this is what happened to the children of thedutch "hunger winter." and their higher rates of obesity, diabetes and heartdisease are the result. bodies that were built to hang onto every calorie foundthemselves swimming in the superfluous calories of the post-war western diet.the world they had learned about while in utero was not the same as the worldinto which they were born.
here's another story. at 8:46 a.m. on september 11th, __, there were tensof thousands of people in the vicinity of the world trade center in new york --commuters spilling off trains, waitresses setting tables for the morning rush,brokers already working the phones on wall street. 1,700 of these people werepregnant women. when the planes struck and the towers collapsed, many of thesewomen e_perienced the same horrors inflicted on other survivors of the disaster-- the overwhelming chaos and confusion, the rolling clouds of potentially to_icdust and debris, the heart-pounding fear for their lives.
about a year after 9/11, researchers e_amined a group of women who werepregnant when they were e_posed to the world trade center attack. in the babiesof those women who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome, or ptsd, followingtheir ordeal, researchers discovered a biological marker of susceptibility toptsd -- an effect that was most pronounced in infants whose mothers e_periencedthe catastrophe in their third trimester. in other words, the mothers withpost-traumatic stress syndrome had passed on a vulnerability to the condition totheir children while they were still in utero.
now consider this: post-traumatic stress syndrome appears to be a reactionto stress gone very wrong, causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering.but there's another way of thinking about ptsd. what looks like pathology to usmay actually be a useful adaptation in some circumstances. in a particularlydangerous environment, the characteristic manifestations of ptsd -- ahyper-awareness of one's surroundings, a quick-trigger response to danger --could save someone's life. the notion that the prenatal transmission of ptsdrisk is adaptive is still speculative, but i find it rather poignant. it wouldmean that, even before birth, mothers are warning their children that it's awild world out there, telling them, "be careful."
let me be clear. fetal origins research is not about blaming women for whathappens during pregnancy. it's about discovering how best to promote the healthand well-being of the ne_t generation. that important effort must include afocus on what fetuses learn during the nine months they spend in the womb.learning is one of life's most essential activities, and it begins much earlierthan we ever imagined.
thank you.
when i was seven years old and my sister was just five years old, we wereplaying on top of a bunk bed. i was two years older than my sister at the time-- i mean, i'm two years older than her now -- but at the time it meant she hadto do everything that i wanted to do, and i wanted to play war. so we were up ontop of our bunk beds. and on one side of the bunk bed, i had put out all of myg.i. joe soldiers and weaponry. and on the other side were all my sister's mylittle ponies ready for a cavalry charge.
there are differing accounts of what actually happened that afternoon, butsince my sister is not here with us today, let me tell you the true story --(laughter) -- which is my sister's a little bit on the clumsy side. somehow,without any help or push from her older brother at all, suddenly amy disappearedoff of the top of the bunk bed and landed with this crash on the floor. now inervously peered over the side of the bed to see what had befallen my fallensister and saw that she had landed painfully on her hands and knees on all fourson the ground.
i was nervous because my parents had charged me with making sure that mysister and i played as safely and as quietly as possible. and seeing as how ihad accidentally broken amy's arm just one week before ... (laughter) ...heroically pushing her out of the way of an oncoming imaginary sniper bullet,(laughter) for which i have yet to be thanked, i was trying as hard as i could-- she didn't even see it coming -- i was trying as hard as i could to be on mybest behavior.
and i saw my sister's face, this wail of pain and suffering and surprisethreatening to erupt from her mouth and threatening to wake my parents from thelong winter's nap for which they had settled. so i did the only thing my littlefrantic seven year-old brain could think to do to avert this tragedy. and if youhave children, you've seen this hundreds of times before. i said, "amy, amy,wait. don't cry. don't cry. did you see how you landed? no human lands on allfours like that. amy, i think this means you're a unicorn."
(laughter)
now that was cheating, because there was nothing in the world my sisterwould want more than not to be amy the hurt five year-old little sister, but amythe special unicorn. of course, this was an option that was open to her brain atno point in the past. and you could see how my poor, manipulated sister facedconflict, as her little brain attempted to devote resources to feeling the painand suffering and surprise she just e_perienced, or contemplating her new-foundidentity as a unicorn. and the latter won out. instead of crying, instead ofceasing our play, instead of waking my parents, with all the negativeconsequences that would have ensued for me, instead a smile spread across herface and she scrambled right back up onto the bunk bed with all the grace of ababy unicorn ... (laughter) ... with one broken leg.
what we stumbled across at this tender age of just five and seven -- we hadno idea at the time -- was something that was going be at the vanguard of ascientific revolution occurring two decades later in the way that we look at thehuman brain. what we had stumbled across is something called positivepsychology, which is the reason that i'm here today and the reason that i wakeup every morning.
when i first started talking about this research outside of academia, outwith companies and schools, the very first thing they said to never do is tostart your talk with a graph. the very first thing i want to do is start my talkwith a graph. this graph looks boring, but this graph is the reason i gete_cited and wake up every morning. and this graph doesn't even mean anything;it's fake data. what we found is --
(laughter)
if i got this data back studying you here in the room, i would be thrilled,because there's very clearly a trend that's going on there, and that means thati can get published, which is all that really matters. the fact that there's oneweird red dot that's up above the curve, there's one weirdo in the room -- iknow who you are, i saw you earlier -- that's no problem. that's no problem, asmost of you know, because i can just delete that dot. i can delete that dotbecause that's clearly a measurement error. and we know that's a measurementerror because it's messing up my data.
so one of the very first things we teach people in economics and statisticsand business and psychology courses is how, in a statistically valid way, do weeliminate the weirdos. how do we eliminate the outliers so we can find the lineof best fit? which is fantastic if i'm trying to find out how many advil theaverage person should be taking -- two. but if i'm interested in potential, ifi'm interested in your potential, or for happiness or productivity or energy orcreativity, what we're doing is we're creating the cult of the average withscience.
if i asked a question like, "how fast can a child learn how to read in aclassroom?" scientists change the answer to "how fast does the average childlearn how to read in that classroom?" and then we tailor the class right towardsthe average. now if you fall below the average on this curve, then psychologistsget thrilled, because that means you're either depressed or you have a disorder,or hopefully both. we're hoping for both because our business model is, if youcome into a therapy session with one problem, we want to make sure you leaveknowing you have 10, so you keep coming back over and over again. we'll go backinto your childhood if necessary, but eventually what we want to do is make younormal again. but normal is merely average.
and what i posit and what positive psychology posits is that if we studywhat is merely average, we will remain merely average. then instead of deletingthose positive outliers, what i intentionally do is come into a population likethis one and say, why? why is it that some of you are so high above the curve interms of your intellectual ability, athletic ability, musical ability,creativity, energy levels, your resiliency in the face of challenge, your senseof humor? whatever it is, instead of deleting you, what i want to do is studyyou. because maybe we can glean information -- not just how to move people up tothe average, but how we can move the entire average up in our companies andschools worldwide.
the reason this graph is important to me is, when i turn on the news, itseems like the majority of the information is not positive, in fact it'snegative. most of it's about murder, corruption, diseases, natural disasters.and very quickly, my brain starts to think that's the accurate ratio of negativeto positive in the world. what that's doing is creating something called themedical school syndrome -- which, if you know people who've been to medicalschool, during the first year of medical training, as you read through a list ofall the symptoms and diseases that could happen, suddenly you realize you haveall of them.
i have a brother in-law named bobo -- which is a whole other story. bobomarried amy the unicorn. bobo called me on the phone from yale medical school,and bobo said, "shawn, i have leprosy." (laughter) which, even at yale, ise_traordinarily rare. but i had no idea how to console poor bobo because he hadjust gotten over an entire week of menopause.
(laughter)
see what we're finding is it's not necessarily the reality that shapes us,but the lens through which your brain views the world that shapes your reality.and if we can change the lens, not only can we change your happiness, we canchange every single educational and business outcome at the same time.
when i applied to harvard, i applied on a dare. i didn't e_pect to get in,and my family had no money for college. when i got a military scholarship twoweeks later, they allowed me to go. suddenly, something that wasn't even apossibility became a reality. when i went there, i assumed everyone else wouldsee it as a privilege as well, that they'd be e_cited to be there. even ifyou're in a classroom full of people smarter than you, you'd be happy just to bein that classroom, which is what i felt. but what i found there is, while somepeople e_perience that, when i graduated after my four years and then spent thene_t eight years living in the dorms with the students -- harvard asked me to; iwasn't that guy. (laughter) i was an officer of harvard to counsel studentsthrough the difficult four years. and what i found in my research and myteaching is that these students, no matter how happy they were with theiroriginal success of getting into the school, two weeks later their brains werefocused, not on the privilege of being there, nor on their philosophy or theirphysics. their brain was focused on the competition, the workload, the hassles,the stresses, the complaints.
when i first went in there, i walked into the freshmen dining hall, whichis where my friends from waco, te_as, which is where i grew up -- i know some ofyou have heard of it. when they'd come to visit me, they'd look around, they'dsay, "this freshman dining hall looks like something out of hogwart's from themovie "harry potter," which it does. this is hogwart's from the movie "harrypotter" and that's harvard. and when they see this, they say, "shawn, why do youwaste your time studying happiness at harvard? seriously, what does a harvardstudent possibly have to be unhappy about?"
embedded within that question is the key to understanding the science ofhappiness. because what that question assumes is that our e_ternal world ispredictive of our happiness levels, when in reality, if i know everything aboutyour e_ternal world, i can only predict 10 percent of your long-term happiness.90 percent of your long-term happiness is predicted not by the e_ternal world,but by the way your brain processes the world. and if we change it, if we changeour formula for happiness and success, what we can do is change the way that wecan then affect reality. what we found is that only 25 percent of job successesare predicted by i.q. 75 percent of job successes are predicted by your optimismlevels, your social support and your ability to see stress as a challengeinstead of as a threat.
i talked to a boarding school up in new england, probably the mostprestigious boarding school, and they said, "we already know that. so everyyear, instead of just teaching our students, we also have a wellness week. andwe're so e_cited. monday night we have the world's leading e_pert coming in tospeak about adolescent depression. tuesday night it's school violence andbullying. wednesday night is eating disorders. thursday night is elicit druguse. and friday night we're trying to decide between risky se_ or happiness."(laughter) i said, "that's most people's friday nights." (laughter) (applause)which i'm glad you liked, but they did not like that at all. silence on thephone. and into the silence, i said, "i'd be happy to speak at your school, butjust so you know, that's not a wellness week, that's a sickness week. whatyou've done is you've outlined all the negative things that can happen, but nottalked about the positive."
the absence of disease is not health. here's how we get to health: we needto reverse the formula for happiness and success. in the last three years, i'vetraveled to 45 different countries, working with schools and companies in themidst of an economic downturn. and what i found is that most companies andschools follow a formula for success, which is this: if i work harder, i'll bemore successful. and if i'm more successful, then i'll be happier. thatundergirds most of our parenting styles, our managing styles, the way that wemotivate our behavior.
and the problem is it's scientifically broken and backwards for tworeasons. first, every time your brain has a success, you just changed thegoalpost of what success looked like. you got good grades, now you have to getbetter grades, you got into a good school and after you get into a betterschool, you got a good job, now you have to get a better job, you hit your salestarget, we're going to change your sales target. and if happiness is on theopposite side of success, your brain never gets there. what we've done is we'vepushed happiness over the cognitive horizon as a society. and that's because wethink we have to be successful, then we'll be happier.
but the real problem is our brains work in the opposite order. if you canraise somebody's level of positivity in the present, then their braine_periences what we now call a happiness advantage, which is your brain atpositive performs significantly better than it does at negative, neutral orstressed. your intelligence rises, your creativity rises, your energy levelsrise. in fact, what we've found is that every single business outcome improves.your brain at positive is 31 percent more productive than your brain atnegative, neutral or stressed. you're 37 percent better at sales. doctors are 19percent faster, more accurate at coming up with the correct diagnosis whenpositive instead of negative, neutral or stressed. which means we can reversethe formula. if we can find a way of becoming positive in the present, then ourbrains work even more successfully as we're able to work harder, faster and moreintelligently.
what we need to be able to do is to reverse this formula so we can start tosee what our brains are actually capable of. because dopamine, which floods intoyour system when you're positive, has two functions. not only does it make youhappier, it turns on all of the learning centers in your brain allowing you toadapt to the world in a different way.
we've found that there are ways that you can train your brain to be able tobecome more positive. in just a two-minute span of time done for 21 days in arow, we can actually rewire your brain, allowing your brain to actually workmore optimistically and more successfully. we've done these things in researchnow in every single company that i've worked with, getting them to write downthree new things that they're grateful for for 21 days in a row, three newthings each day. and at the end of that, their brain starts to retain a patternof scanning the world, not for the negative, but for the positive first.
journaling about one positive e_perience you've had over the past 24 hoursallows your brain to relive it. e_ercise teaches your brain that your behaviormatters. we find that meditation allows your brain to get over the cultural adhdthat we've been creating by trying to do multiple tasks at once and allows ourbrains to focus on the task at hand. and finally, random acts of kindness areconscious acts of kindness. we get people, when they open up their inbo_, towrite one positive email praising or thanking somebody in their social supportnetwork.
and by doing these activities and by training your brain just like we trainour bodies, what we've found is we can reverse the formula for happiness andsuccess, and in doing so, not only create ripples of positivity, but create areal revolution.
thank you very much.
(applause)
走进幸福的天堂!let’s go!
我：“钟老师，您幸福么?”当我问钟老师这个问题的时候，老师感到惊讶，说：“我当然幸福啦!”“那你最大的幸福是什么呀?”我问。钟老师想了一会儿说：“嗯......是可以干自己想干的事，没有人阻拦我。而且要对自己有益，对别人有益那才幸福呢。”
校医却对我说： “没有人来看病，整天清闲着就幸福了。”但我觉得校医是在说笑吧，哪有作为一个医生不想救死扶伤呢?
舞蹈老师说：“能让我教过的学生都能够不断进步，那就是我的幸福了。
厨房叔叔说：“我不知道。” 班长说：“对不起，我不接受采访。” 吴芃净：“我......跟你一样。”
我不懂，为什么我在问大人时，他(她)们都会狂笑不止，而我在问同学时，同学们就不愿意回答。
钟老师的幸福是因为可以做对自己、别人有益的事。舞蹈老师的幸福是自己教过的学生都能够不断进步。她们都是一个好老师，都在为别人付出。
老师们!你们经历过苦难，但你们都能感到幸福。那我就更加不用说了。
我幸福，因为我生活在幸福中。
一次，我和阿姨坐公交车去天虹购物。在公交车上，有一个老奶奶上车了，可车上没座位了。我看到旁边有一个牌子，上面写：请给老人让座。老师也讲过，要给老人让座。于是，我让老奶奶坐在我的座位上。老奶奶说：“谢谢你!”一个姐姐看见了，让我坐在她的座位上。可见，我们人之间是有爱、是有幸福的。
其实,幸福很简单,它时时刻刻地陪在我们身边!
付出是一种幸福。彼此牵手同行，难免磕碰，重要的是要珍惜爱与付出。
拥有是一种幸福。你有很多东西，难道你不会感到幸福么?
批评是一种幸福。老师和家长批评你,是因为他(她)们关心你。不然,他们怎么会批评你呢?所以,你被批评时,应该高兴呀!
被攻击,被妒忌是一种幸福.因为你有值得被妒忌和攻击的资格。
被出卖是一种幸福。它让你看清楚谁是你真正的朋友。
失望是一种幸福。因为有盼望,才会有失望。有了盼望,就有了追求,有了追求,就有了幸福。
许多人认为有钱就是幸福，因为金钱可以买到很多自己想要的东西。不过，我认为有金钱并不一定就能得到幸福!因为金钱买不到亲情，买不到真诚。
我们如果不能察觉自己的幸福，是因为还不懂的幸福的含义，不懂得感激生活，宽容待人。
幸福不一定需要有很多钱，一家人能相亲相爱，朋友间能真诚相待，就是幸福。有时，一句贴心的话儿，一个感人的动作，那也是幸福。
幸福并不遥远，只要我们用心感受，它就在我们身边，可遇可求。
在我们身边有许多动物，例如：小猫、小狗、小鸟……它们都是我们关爱的对象。
我家养着一只可爱的小狗，我把它取名叫小黑。他可是我最忠实的朋友。每次我放学回到家的时候，小狗就会蹲在地上向我摇摇尾巴，咪咪地笑，可爱极了!晚上的时候，我吃完了饭，就去喂小狗吃饭。小狗吃得津津有味，还不停地汪!汪!汪!好像在说：“这饭真好吃，谢谢你啦朋友!”
小狗还有一项本领，你知道吗?那就是抓小偷。晚上的时候小狗可是我家的“警察”。一旦有小偷进我们村，小狗就会发出警报，通知所有的警察们一起来抓小偷，到最后小偷投降了，小狗可就榜上有名了。
世界上有许多户人家，家里都养着一只只可爱的小动物。他们把小动物照顾得健健康康的，还把它们训练很聪明。但是有些人却把那可爱的小动物当成是自己的敌人，整天虐待小动物，对小动物进行了狠毒的“家法”，实在是太可气了!我希望在这个“大家庭”里，每个人都能保护这里的每一只动物，关心它，爱护它。
让我们把爱心相连，关爱这里的每一只动物吧!
动物，它们是我们的朋友;动物，我们要保护它们;动物，也有尊严;动物;也有血有肉;动物，它跟我们一样，也是一条生命啊。
人们常常捕杀那些可怜的小动物，在他们的脑子里，只想着杀了他们赚钱，他们似乎已经丧失意志。如果我亲眼看见他们捕杀动物，我会问他们：“难道他们没有家人吗?你没有体验过骨肉分离的滋味，你想过那是什么滋味儿吗?它们也有血有肉、它们也知道感恩，你想过在他们即将被你们杀死的时候，心里会想些什么吗?你们不知道，有那么多无辜的小动物经过你的手被杀死，难道他们有罪吗?难道他们生下来就应该被残害吗?难道你们不该被遭报应吗?
你们可以换位思考一下，假如你是一条无辜的小动物，在你生下来的那一刻，你亲眼看见你的母亲死于非命或你被那些人给杀害了，你们心里会怎么想?你们就会亲身体验到骨肉分离的滋味吧?既然你想到这些，你们就该好好反思反思，那些无辜的小生命就该死于你们这些心肠狠毒的人手里吗?就算它们该死，也轮不到你们动手。我不知道你们知不知道，那些小生命临死之前会是什么样的神情?你们不知道，为什么?因为你们没血没肉，你们杀了那么多无辜的小动物，该死的人不是它们，而是你们，因为当你给它们东西的时候，他们会知道感恩。
也许你们会想，就是一条畜生，有什么好值钱的?杀就杀呗，反正还能给我赚点钱，你们这样想就错了，不只错，而且大错特错。对，他们虽然是畜生，它们好歹是条生命，对，它们虽不值钱，但它们不该死……
好啦，话不多说，我希望那些捕杀小动物的人，你们早一点改过自新，不然，你们早晚受到法律的制裁。
大家好!
有位哲人说得好：如果你不能成为大道，那就当一条小路;如果你不能成为太阳，那就当一颗星星。决定成败的不是尺寸的大小，而在于做一个的你。
也许你常常抱怨自己没有怡人的相貌，没有动人的歌喉，没有惊人的壮举，没有骄人的成绩，没有……也许我们每个人都有自己无法实现的梦想，也许理想和现实总存在着差距。那么，面对这些，你是无奈，是悲痛，还是积极进取?我想每一位有上进心的人都是不甘沉沦的。
再次回顾哲人那段话，我想，大道固然引人注目，但小路也自有小路的风味;太阳虽然被人高歌，受人关注，但哪一颗星星不是“太阳”?只不过它距离我们太遥远罢了，而实际上，它或许比太阳更大，更亮。
总之，社会需要各种人才，每个人都有适合自己的位置。我们不必去追求那些遥不可及的梦想，只要做一个真实的、的你就可以了，不是吗?