（精品推荐）XX届高考二轮复习英语学案--专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构
【典例精析】
1. （08北京）____ that she was going off to sleep, i asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed.
a. seeing b. to see c. see d. seen
【解题】a非谓语动词see构成的短语与句子的主语i即其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，用在句首，中间与句子用逗号分开，表示伴随情况，用作伴随状语，因此用现在分词。
2.(08全国卷i)i like getting up very early in summer. the morning air is so good ____.
a. to be breathed b. to breathe c. breathing d. being breathed
【解题】b在主系表结构中，当表语形容词为good, light, heavy, difficult等时，其后常用不定式作状语，表示时间，原因，结果等，且常用主动形式表示被动意义，因此选b。此处为特殊情况。
3.(08北京)----did the book give the information you needed?
----yes. but ____ it, i had to read the entire book.
a. to find b. find c.to be finding d. finding
【解题】 a 非谓语动词短语与主句之间用逗号隔开，作状语。根据句意：为了找到需要的信息，我不得不看完整本书的内容，表示目的。不定式常在句首作目的状语，且此处不表示动作正在进行，因此用一般式，选a。
4.（09湖南）nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .
a. reusing b. reused c. reuses d. to be reused
【解析】d 考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选d。
5.（09江西）_________ the right kind of training , these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars.
a. giving b. having given c. to give d. given
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。如果把句子补充完整就不难看出：if they are given the right kind of training , 可知主语they 即these teenager soccer players与give 之间是被动的关系，所以用过去分词。根据主、从句主语一致可省略从句主语的原则，连词if 也可省，所以得出given the right kind of training , these teenager soccer players……
6.（09江西）the government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.
a. forced b. forcing c. to be forced d. having forced
【解析】b 考查非谓语动词的用法。 现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰new laws ,相当于which forces ……...
7.（09海南）the children all turned_____the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
a. looked at b. to look at c. to looking at d. look at
【解析】b。 句意为：当那位著名的女演员走进了教室，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。
turn to 表示“转向，求助”的意思。
8.(09海南) now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ?
a. taking b. take c. taken d. to take
【解析】c。 考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在，我们已经讨论了问题，是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动
9.（09山东）we are invited to a party _________in our club next friday.
a. to be held b. held c. being held d. holding
【解析】a 考查非谓语动词的用法，由next month可知时间是在将来，party是被举行，故选a。
10（09陕西）i still remember to the famen temple and what i saw there.
a. to take b. to be taken c. taking d. being taken
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。此处非谓语动词做remember的宾语，而remember后用非谓语动词做宾语时，可以用v-ing形式，v-ing表示的动作已经完成，也可用动词不定式，表示的动作还未发生，根据后文的saw可知此处非谓语动词动作已经完成，且与逻辑主语是被动关系，用v-ing的被动式，选d。
11.（09福建） not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
a. reminding b. reminded c. to remind d. having reminded
【解析】b 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选b。
12.（09福建）in april, , president hu inspected the warships in qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the pla navy.
a. marking b. marked c. having marked d. being marked
【解析】a 考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选a。
13.（09湖南）when he the door, he found his keys were nowhere.
a. would open b. opened c. had opened d. was to open
【解析】d 考查非谓语动词。动词不定时的用法。句意为：当他要打开门的时候，他发现他的钥匙不见了。动词不定时表示将要发生的动作。
14.（09湖南）9.at the age of 29, dave was a worker, in a small apartment near boston and ______ what to do about his future.
a. living; wondering b. lived; wondering
c. lived; wondered d. living; wondered
【解析】a 考查分词的用法。句意为：29岁的大卫，是一个工人，住在一间小公寓在波士顿附近，不知怎么办关于他的未来。现在分词作定语修饰a worker，and 为并列连词，连接相同的成份。
【专题突破】依据非谓语动词各个不同类型的考查方式和特点。可以采用非谓语动词和独立主格结构的“五步骤”做题法；即非谓语动词的“五步骤”做题法：1.牢记核心意义；2.分析句子成分；3.寻找逻辑主语；4.了解时间关系；5.分析特殊情况。独立主格结构的“五步骤”：1. 认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念；2. 认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能；3. 从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别；4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能；5. 熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。当然并非每道题都要全面考虑以上"五步骤" 有时只需通过一两个步骤即可得到答案。我相信，只要同学们在训练中严格按照这种思路去分析，就可以练就一双火眼金睛，那么，再难的考查非谓语动词和独立主格结构的试题都是可以快速得到答案的。
1. i don’t know whether you happen ____ it, but i’m going to study in the u.s.a. this september.
a. to be heard b. to be hearing c. to hear d. to have heard
2. _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.
a. tiring; to admire b. being tired; admiring
c. tired; to admire d. tired; admiring
3. don’t leave the water ____ while you brush your teeth.
a. run b. running c. being run d. to run
4. he looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
a. put b. to be put c. to put d. putting
5. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
a. having stolen b. having been stolen c. stolen d. stealing
6. to answer correctly is more important than _____.
a. that you finish quickly b. finishing quickly
c. to finish quickly d. finish quickly
7. you will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go.
a. to be advertised b. advertised c. advertise d. advertising
8. the monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.
a. to have discovered b. to have been discovered
c. to discover d. having been discovered
9. —— have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?
——yes. i like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.
a. to change; to be b. to change; being c. changing; being d. changing; to be
10. mr. green is said _____ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem when young.
a. to do b. to have done c. to be doing d. to have been doing
11. seeing the soldiers well _____ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.
a. prepare b. preparing c. prepared d. having prepared
12.the murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied
13.weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
a. permitted b permitting c permits d for permitting
14.the speech ______ a lively discussion started.
a.being delivered b. was delivered
c.be delivered d. having been delivered
15.______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly
than a man whose command of language is poor.
a.other things being equal b.were other things equal
c.to be equal to other things d.other things to be equal
16.all things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
a.considered b.be considered c.considering d.having considere
参考答案：
1.【解析】d happen to have done sth 为不定式的完成时， 表示一个已经完成了的动作，强调对于现在的影响。
2.【解析】c tired and out of breath为“形容词和介词短语”在句中作状语。stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事
3.【解析】b非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，选项a、d表示将来可能发生的动作；b表示宾语持续性动作，根据句意选b,表示水不停地流出。
4.【解析】d catch sb doing sth表示发觉或当场捉住 sb在做一件事情。
5.【解析】a从动作发生的时间来看，应是先偷钻石，再找地方藏匿，故用-ing形式的完成式。
6.【解析】c题意为“正确做出答案要比快速完成更重要”。两个非谓语动词短语在形式上应保持一致。
7.【解析】b advertise意为“为……登广告”。made in this factory作定语修饰product; advertised作宾语补足语。
8.【解析】a用不定式的完成式表示动作发生在(定语)从句谓语动作之前。
9.【解析】d consider 作“考虑”解时，后常接-ing形式（短语）作宾语；作“认为” 解时，后常接含有名词、形容词或to be的复合结构。
10【解析】b由when young可知此处应该用不定式的完成式，表示此动作发生在谓语动作之前。
11.【解析】c由固定短语be (well) prepared for可知此处应用过去分词作宾补。
12.【解析】d. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选d. 13.【解析】b. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选b。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为if weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
14.【解析】d 句意：演讲完后，开始了热烈的讨论。把握前后主语不一致，动作发生在之前，故选答案为d.
15.【解析】a 句意：在其它条件相同的情况下，表达好的人肯定要比语言能力差的人更快地取得成功，前后的主语不一致，故选答案a.
16.【解析】a 考虑了方方面面之后，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消了，前后主语不一致，故答案为a。
【学法导航】非谓语动词内容繁多，用法复杂，是学生们在英语学习过程中的最大难点，也是高考中的必考项目。独立主格结构相对来说考查较少，但经常放在with复合结构中考查；同学们要想掌握他们的用法，轻松备战高考，快速准确地解题，不妨牢记非谓语动词和独立主格结构基本、特殊用法以及解题“五步骤”，具体内容如下：
一。非谓语动词“五步骤”
1. 牢记核心意义。不定式表将来或能够，动词ing形式表主动或进行，过去分词表被动或完
2.分析句子成分。非谓语动词在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、补语以及状语。
3.寻找逻辑主语，把握，前后主语一致性和主被动关系。非谓语动词虽然在语法上没有主语，但它仍表示的是动作，因此在意义上会有一个动作的发出者，这个发出者就是它的逻辑主语。作主语补足语，表语和状语时，逻辑主语为句子的主语；作宾语补足语，逻辑主语为宾语；作定语，逻辑主语是所修饰的先行词；复合结构自带逻辑主语。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的是主动关系，用现在分词或不定式的主动式，如果是被动关系，则用过去分词或不定式的被动式，如果表被动进行，则用现在分词的被动式或不定式的被动进行式。
4.了解时间关系。如果非谓语动词与句子的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，用一般式；如果发生在之前，则用完成式，如果强调正在进行，则用进行时；如果动作在将来发生，则用不定式。
5.分析特殊情况。主要是指一些习惯用法，固定搭配等。
二。独立主格结构的“五步骤”
1.认识独立主格结构，建立独立主格结构概念。
最初的独立主格结构就是带逻辑主语的分词结构，它的作用相当于状语。
2. 认清独立主格结构的来源，理解独立主格结构的功能。
我们清楚地看出独立主格结构作状语和分词作状语一样来源于状语从句。
3.从逻辑主语的不同认识分词和独立主格结构作状语的区别。
分词作状语和独立主格结构作状语的区别就在于逻辑主语的不同，分词的逻辑主语为主句的主语，独立主格结构的逻辑主语就是分词前边的名词或代词。
4.全面掌握独立主格结构的功能。
要将复合句或并列句改成简单句时，应注意：要根据分词和独立主格结构作状语时逻辑主语的不同情况改写句子，当复合句或并列句的主语一致时，适合改成分词作状语；当复合句或并列句的主语不一致时，适合改成独立主格结构作状语。
5.熟悉独立主格结构的不同类型，全面掌握独立主格结构。
有时将并列句或复合句改成简单句时，应注意：原句中含有 be 动词时，一律改成 being 形式， being 后面为非名词时 being 可忽略。
独立主格结构除了分词式独立主格结构之外，还有介词、形容词、副词、不定式式独立主格结构，即带逻辑主语的介词、形容词、副词、不定式结构，可用作伴随状语、条件状语、原因状语或时间状语。
【专题综合】1. ____ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
a. to throw b. thrown c. throwing d. being throwing
2. ____ in the fields on a march afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
a. to walk b. walking c. walked d. having walked
3. i hear they've promoted tom, but he didn't mention ____ when we talked on the phone.
a. to promote b. having been promoted
c. having promoted d. to be promoted
4. the message is very important, so it is supposed ____ as soon as possible.
a. to be sent b. to send c. being sent d. sending
5. ____ around the water cube, we wre then taken to see the bird's nest for the olympic games.
a.having shown b. to be shown c. having been shown d. to show
6. we had an anxious couple of weeks ____for the results of the experiment
a. wait b. to be waiting c. waited d. waiting
7. ____ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
a. fail b. failed c. to fail d. having failed
8. it is one of the funniest things ____ on the internet so far this year.
a. finding b. being found c. to find d. found
9. ____ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
a. waiting b.to wait c. having waited d. to have waited
10.----can those ____at the back of the classroom hear me?
-----no problem.
a. seat b. sit c. seated d. sat
11.he was busy writing a story, only _____once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
a. to stop b. stopping c. to have stopped d. having stopped
12. please remain ______; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
a. seating b. seated c. to seat d. to be seated
13.----they are quiet, aren't they?
----yes. they are accustomed ______at meal.
a. to talk b. to not talk c. to talking d. to not talking
learn english well, we should find opportunities to hear english ______as much as we can.
a. speak b. speaking c. spoken d. to speak
15. lucy's new job paid twice as much as she had made _____in the restaurant.
a. working b. work c. to work d. worked
16.the soldier fell asleep ________.
a.with the candle burning b.burning the candle
c.when he was burning the candle d.when burning the candle
17.________, the tiananmen square looks more beautiful.
a.being on b.when being on
c.with all the lights on d.when it turns on all the lights
18.____ the notice, he had an idea.
a.when he was watching b.watching c.when watching d.all the above
19.______ the notice, an idea came to his mind.
a.when he was watching b.watching c.when watching d.all the above
参考答案：1-5 cbbac 6-10 dddcc 11-15bbdca 16-19 acda
XX高考二轮复习英语学案专题九 名词性从句
【典例精析】
1.( 山东，22 )could i speak to ____is in charge of international sales ,please ?
a. anyone b. someone c. whoever d. no matter who
【解析】c.“is in charge of international sales ”表语从句，缺少引导词和主语。其中a. b.选项后面需加定语从句引导词who； 而no matter who不能引导名词性从句，只能引导状语从句。
2.（ 重庆，25 ）people in chongqing are proud of __they have achieved in the past ten years .
a. that b. which c what d. how
【解析】c “they have achieved in the past ten years ”做介词of的宾语，宾语从句中缺少have achieved的宾语。
3.（ 山东，23 ）____was most important to her ,she told me ,was her family .
a. it b this c. what d. as
【解析】c.句子的主干为“____was most important to her was her family”很明显此句的主语是个从句，主语从句中缺主语。
4.（09山东）the little girl who got lost decided to remain _________she was and wait tor her mother.
a. where b. what c. how d. who
【解析】a remain是系动词，后加表语从句，由句意可知，从句缺地点状语，所以选a。
5.（09湖南）she is very dear to us. we have been prepared to do it takes to save her life.
a. whichever b. however c. whatever d. whoever
【解析】c 名词性从句的引导词。句意为：她对我们来说是非常宝贵，我们已经准备好做一切来拯救她的生命。
6.（09江西）the fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
a. what b. which c. that d. though
【解析】c 间隔式同位语从句的用法。即先行词是the fact 和that引导的同位语从句中间隔了谓语部分。
7.（09海南）could i speak to is in charge of international sales please?
a. who b. what c. whoever d. whatever
【解析】c whoever既作了 to 的宾语，又作is in charge of international sales please?的主语。“whoever”作代词，/any person who/the person who/“任何人”、“无论谁”、“……的人”。
8.（09陕西）the how to book can be of help to wants to do the job.
a. who b. whomever c. no matter who d. whoever
【解析】d 此处从做介词to的宾语，是名词性从句，引导词做从句的主语，指人，意思是：无论是谁，选d。
9.（09海南）one of the most important questions they had to consider was of public health
a. what b. this c. that d. which
【解析】c 句意为：他们必须考虑其中最重要的问题是公共卫生。考查that作代词，that 作代词，往往用于特指，相当于“that＋名词”，它也只能代替事情不能代替人。
10.（09上海）as a new diplomat, he often thinks of _______ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
a. what b. which c. that d. how
【解析】d考查宾语从句用法。句意“作为一个新的外交家，他常常想到在这样的场合下，他如何才能作出更恰当的反应”。可知选d符合。
11.（09四川）8. news came from the school office ________wang lin had been admitted to beijing university.
a. which b. what c. that d. where
【解析】c 在该题中that引导了一个同位语从句来解释说明news的内容，由于该题把同位语从句后置了，所以很多考生由于不能正确分析句子结构而错误选择了d项。
【专题突破】要求学生在做题中要注意如下几点：1.分析结构，辨析名词性从句和状语从句；2.理解句意，正确区别引导词；3.按照句意，出现那个引导词意思，便选择那个引导词。
1.there is a common belief among them ___rubbish can and should be put to good use .
a. which b. if c. whose d. that
2.__ has been mentioned above, continued chairman after he took a sip of coffee, ____ the project must be carried out before spring flood comes.
a. as; that b. that; which c. this; which d. it; that
3. david beckham has ___it take to become a professional football player.
a.who b.what c.which d.that
4. nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, they lost the game.
a. that b. which c. what d. why
5.--- the patient looks much better. is it that has made him he is today?
--- perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care.
a.what; that b.that; that c.what; what d.what; which
6. after three hours’ climbing , they reached they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of .
a.what b.which c.where d.that
7. a plan has been put forward __ more graduates should go to work in the country
a. when b. that c. whether d. how
8.it is pretty well understood __________controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
a.that b.when c.what d.how
9.there is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____________ road conditions need ____________.
a. that; to be improved b. which; to be improved
c. where; improving d. when; improving
10.______ made the school proud was ______ more that 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
a.what…because b.what…that c.that…what d.that…because
11.— are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
— oh, that’s ____________.
a. what makes me feel excited b. whatever i feel excited about
c. how i feel about it d. when i feel excited
12.you are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ________ i disagree.
a. why b. where c. what d. how
13.the road is covered with snow. i can’t understand ________ they insist on going by motor-bike.
a. why b. whether c. when d. how
参考答案和解析：
1.【解析】d “___rubbish can and should be put to good use .”是a common belief的同位语从句，从句中意思完整，结构完整。
2.【解析】a“__ has been mentioned above”是定语从句，而“____ the project must be carried out before spring flood comes.”是动词continued的宾语从句，宾语从句中句意和结构都完整，故选that，结合第一个空，得答案a.
3.【解析】b “_______ it takes to be a professional footballer”做has的宾语，宾语从句中缺少takes的宾语。句意“贝克拥有成为一名职业足球运动员所需要的品质”
4.【解析】a“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句，从句意思结构完整，结构完整。
5.【解析】c先将句子结构理清楚，it is ___that has made him ___he is today 就可以判断，第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式；第二个空则是表语从句，表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意：病人好多了，是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。
6.【解析】a考生误以为是地点状语从句，误选c.where。而reached是及物动词，后边接的是宾语从句，宾语从句除去插入语they thought，应该缺主语。
7.【解析】b 考察同位语从句，表达a plan的具体内容，has been put forward将名词与从句隔开，加大了难度。
8.【解析】c 主要测试主语从句。分析句子结构可知：句子属于形式主语格式；另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。例如：it is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在会上说的话仍然值得怀疑。
9.【解析】c 主要测试同位语从句。由句子语境可知句意；有个新的问题卷入私家车行列：道路状况需要改进。结合同位语从句的定义可知：问题的具体内容既是：到了状况需要改进。因此属于该句型结构。例如：there was a new problem put forward at the meeting where we could get the loan。会议上提出一个新问题，我们到哪儿弄到贷款。
10.【解析】b主要测试主语从句和表语从句。分析句子结构可知：句子______ made the school proud 缺少主语，另外还要引导主语从句，故此只能选择what，由此先排除c、d两答案。再结合句子______ more that 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities结构完整不缺少成分，只需要引导词。句子意思：让我们学校自豪的是百分之九十多的学生被重点大学录取。
11.【解析】a 主要测试表语从句。此试题测试的重点在于表语从句及起引导词。句子意思：——你仍在考虑昨天的比赛吗？———哦，那正是让我感到兴奋的地方。可以利用排除法：b、c、d三个答案中结构或句子意思不符合语境。
12.【解析】c主要测试表语从句。解题的关键在于分清句子中动词disagree的词性：不及物动词。句子意思：你说每个人应该平等，这正是我不同意的地方。
13.【解析】a 主要测试宾语从句。充分把握题干挖掘所有可能存在的信息。意思：路上有积雪。我不理解他们为何坚持骑摩托车去。此题可以结合语境及答案两方面，逐一排查寻找最佳答案。充分注意所给答案能够充当句子什么成分这也是解题的关键。
【学法导航】考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义，因为在对于名词性从句的考查中，引导词在句子中都起作用，有意义，因此在分析句子结构，对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后，最后还是要选择引导词；另外还要注意以下几点：
1.what 引导词的考查，尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。
2.whether和if 的区别，尤其注意他们的不同之处。
3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。
4.句子语序和时态。
具体说：
1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能
名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1)若从句在句中作主语为主语从句
what he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.(nmet93)
2.)若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句
i remember when this used to be a quiet village.(nmet93)
3.)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句
-i drove to zhuhai for the air show last week.
-is that why you had a few days off?(nmet99)
4)若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句
we will discuss the question whether we will go there or not.
2.掌握连词的含义及分类
绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义，称为有义连词，如what表“……的内容”，when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地点”，why表“……的原因”，how表“如何；怎样”，who表“谁”，if、whether表“是否”；没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词，无义连词只有that一个。
3.掌握名词性从句的语序
名词性从句用陈述语序。
4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系
有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句，应掌握它们之间的关系。
1)if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句；if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句；whether表“无论是否；不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。
2)when表“……的时间”，where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句；when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句，where表“……的地方”，且修饰行为动词时，引导地点状语从句；when,where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。
【专题综合】1.we can not figure out ____quit a number of insects ,birds ,and animals are dying out .
a. that b. as c. why d. when
2. after yang liwei succeeded in circling the earth ,___our astronauts desire to do is walk in space .
a. where b. what c. that d. how
3. mary wrote an article on ____the team had failed to win the game .
a. why b. what c. who d. that
4. the place __ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ____the cross-river traffic is the heaviest .
a. which; where b. at which ;which
c. at which ;where d. which ;in which
5. the shopkeeper didn’t want to sell for __he thought was not enough .
a where b. how c. what d. which
6. a warm thought suddenly came to me ___i might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .
a. if b. when c. that d. which
7. see the flag on top of the building ? that was ___ we did this morning .
a when b. which c. where d. what
8. the government has announced that a modern city will be set up in ____is still a wasteland now .
a. what b. which c. that d. where
9.many people wrote articles on ___liu xiang had failed to compete in the event .
a. why b. what c. who d. that
10.the couple are spending their holiday on __is described as one of the most beautiful islands .
a. that b. what c. which d. where
11.the book is meant to ___needs it .
a. who b. whoever c. whomever d. whom
12.in his speech, premier wen jiabao points out that creativity is __it takes to keep a nation highly competitive .
a. how b. what c. which d. that
13.the experience of the chinese nation attests to a truth____ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress
a. that what b. what c. that d. what that
14.___has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem .
a.that b.what c.in spite of what d.though what
15.____is certain is ___prevention is more important than treatment .
a.it;that b.what;that c.as;what d.what;what
参考答案和解析：
1.【解析】c figure out后接宾语从句，根据从句要表达的意思“为什么很多昆虫，鸟，和动物在逐渐灭绝”
2.【解析】b“our astronauts desire to do”是主语从句，从句中缺少do的宾语
3.【解析】a“the team had failed to win the game”是词on的宾语从句，从句中不缺主干，故排除b和c.再根据句意 “为什么这个队没能赢”
4.【解析】c“he bridge is supposed to be built”是定语从句，修饰名词place。“he cross-river traffic is the heaviest”组在句中做表语，表语从句引导词中没有in which，两空结合
5.【解析】c.那位店主不愿意以他认为不够高的价格出售他的商品。本题考察宾语从句的用法。难度在于“he thought”的干扰。从句中缺少主语故选c. what
6.【解析】c.句意：我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头，用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。i might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做a warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开，增加了试题难度。此外，部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分，故错选d为答案
7.【解析】d表语从句中缺did的宾语。
8.【解析】a “____is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句，从句中缺主语句意为：政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。
9.【解析】a“___liu xiang had failed to compete in the event .”做介词on的宾语，宾语从句中不缺主干，故排除b和c。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句（固定搭配除外），所以排除d。
10【解析】b “__is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，
11.【解析】b whoever在宾语从句中做主语，部分学生，因为只看到介词to，误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。
12【解析】b “__it takes to keep a nation highly competitive .”做表语从句，从句中缺少takes的宾语，构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。
13【解析】a本题句子结构比较复杂，“____ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句，同位语从句中____ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句，故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一个真理，即，一个民族在灾难中失去的，必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。
14.【解析】c “___has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语，而d. though what错误，因为，一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导。句意：尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上，投入了很多，但是公交工具的缺乏，仍然是个问题。
15【解析】b “____is certain”在句中做主语，主语从句缺少一个主语，需要用what; “___prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句，句意与结构完整，只有that,可以这样用。
（精品推荐）XX届高考二轮复习英语学案--专题三 形容词和副词
【典例精析】1.（09全国卷ii ）14. the children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride____.
a. most b. more c. less d. little
【答案】a
【解析】考查形容词(immediate)、副词等(most、much too与too much的区别)
2.（09全国卷ii ）15. i’m sure that your letter will get_____ attention . they know you’re waiting for the reply.
a. continued b. immediate c. careful d. general
【答案】b
【解析】考查形容词(immediate)、副词等(most、much too与too much的区别)
3.（09全国卷ii）16. it’s high time you had your hair cut ; it’s getting______.
a. too much long b. much too long c. long too much d. too long much
【答案】b
【解析】考查形容词(immediate)、副词等(most、much too与too much的区别)
4.（09安徽） -- do you think it's a good idea to make friends with your students?
--______, i do. i think it's a great idea.
a. really b. obviously c. actually d. generally
答案：c
5.（09福建） it seems that living green is ____easy and affordable. a small step masks a big difference.
a. exactly b. fortunately c. surprisingly d. hardly
【答案】c
【解析】考查副词。exactly：准确地；fortunately：幸运地；surprisingly：惊讶地，出乎意料地；hardly：几乎不。题干意思是：似乎保护环境是出乎意料的简单可行，小小的行动能带来很大的不同。选c
6.（09湖北） as there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of ______ energy, such as sunlight, wind and water for power and fuel.
a. primary b. alternative c. instant d. unique
【答案】 b
【解析】考查形容词。既然石油和煤都越来越少，人们只好使用一些其它可替代这些燃料的东西，alternative 有“可选择的，可替代的”之意，符合句意。primary“首要的，初期的”，instant“立即的，迅速的”，unique“独特的”
7.（09湖北）the questionnaire takes ______ ten to fifteen minutes to complete and can be used along with the assessment interview.
a. mainly b. punctually c. approximately d. precisely
【答案】 c
【解析】考查副词。这里意思是“问卷大约需要10至15分钟完成”，应选择approximately“大约地”。 mainly“主要地”，punctually“准时地”，precisely“精确地”
8.（09湖南）i can_____be a teacher. i’m not a very patient person.
a. seldom b. ever c. never d. always
【答案】c
【解析】句意为：我绝不会成为一名教师。因为我不是一个很有耐心的人。seldom表示“很少”；ever表示“永远”用在肯定句中；never表示“绝不，从来没有” always 表示“总是”。
9.（09江西） frank put the mediocre in the top drawer to make sure it would not be_______ to the kids.
a. accessible b. relative c. acceptable d. sensitive
【答案】a
【解析】考查形容词的辨析。be accessible to 为……能够接近； be relative to 和……有关系； be acceptable to 为……所接受 ； be sensitive to 对……敏感， 易接受
10.（09海南） how much______she looked without her glasses!
a. well b. good c. best d. better
【答案】d
【解析】考查系动词后跟形容词作表语。句意为：没有眼镜她看的多么好？与戴眼镜形成对比
11.（09四川） my uncle’s house in the downtown area is much smaller than ours , but it is twice _______ expensive .
a. as b. so c. too d. very
【答案】a
【解析】考查倍数的表示方法。该题采用了“倍数+as+adj./adv+as ”这一结构，所以答案为a。
12.（09天津） it was a nice house, but _______ too small for a family of live.
a. rarely b. fairly c. rather d. pretty
【答案】c
【解析】考查副词用法辨析。按照句意此处是“让一个家庭去住相当小”，排除a rarely罕见，稀少；d pretty和fairly 意思用法相近表示褒义，但程度大于后者；rather表示贬义，尤其能和比较级和too连用，b,d选项不行，故选c
13.（09天津）i’m not surprised that he became a writer. even as a child he had a _____ imagination.
a. clear b. cautious c. funny d. vivid
【答案】d
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。此处句意为“甚至当他很小时，他都有丰富的想象力。”clear 清晰；cautions细心，谨慎；funny滑稽；vivid 生动，鲜明，丰富；吻合语境，选d
14.（09浙江）the incomes of skilled workers went up. ______, unskilled workers saw their earnings fall.
a. moreover b. therefore c. meanwhile d. otherwise
【答案】c
【解析】考查副词的用法。该题前后两句话之间是转折关系，所以正确答案为：c。
15.（09浙江）in the good care of the nurses, the boy is ______ recovering from his heart operation.
a. quietly b. actually c. practically d. gradually
【答案】d
【解析】考查副词的用法。在护士们的精心照料下，这个男孩正在逐渐地从心脏手术中恢复健康。gradually符合语境
16（09浙江）. john is very ____ ——if he promises to do something he’ll do it .
a. independent b. confident c. reliable d. flexible
【答案】c。
【解析】考查形容词的区别。约翰非常的可靠，如果他许诺做某事他一定会做的，所以reliable为答案
17.（09江苏） compared with his sister, jerry is even more_____ to, and more easily troubled by , emotional and relationship problems.
a. skeptical b. addicted c. available d. sensitive
【答案】d
【解析】be sensitive to对什么敏感。jerry is even more sensitive to emotional and relationship problems. more sensitive to与more easily troubled by 并列
【专题突破】形容词和副词做题技巧点拨：1.解比较级试题时应确保被比较两者不属同一范围，如属相同范畴，应在被比较的名词前加other，else等词汇；2.解最高级试题时应确保主语被置身于最高级范围之内，分析语境含义和句子结构看是否符合"the+比较级，the+比较级"句型的需要；3.分析语境是否表示同级比较，确保as ... as中间应为形容词、副词原级；记住比较级前面只能用特定词汇修饰；4.分析语境含义，确定是否符合a/an+比较级+单数可数名词结构的需要；寻找两者被明确提供的标志性词汇是否符合比较级前面加定冠词结构的需要
5.根据语境含义和句子结构分别使用比较级和同级比较句型，若题干为省略句应根据语境逻辑寻找被比较的对象，然后再进行比较级和同级比较分析；6.分析语境、逻辑来推断空档所需是形容词还是副词；根据句子结构的需要推断所需是形容词还是副词；形容词用于修饰名词和代词，表示人和事物的性质和特征。副词既可修饰动词，又可修饰形容词和其他副词，甚至整个句子。
实例点拨
1.形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。
do you enjoy listening to records? i find records are often______, or better than an actual performance.
a. as good as b. as good c. good d.good as
【点拨】在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为a
2.比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。
the number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half______.
a. of last year’s b.those of last year’s
c.of those of last year d. that of last year’s
【点拨】（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，而不能选择b，those是指代participants，不是同类对比，答案为d
3.比较级与倍数词关系及其位置
原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为….若干倍”, 当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等，他们的位置是，倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than….。
1.——you don’t go to that supermarket quite often, do you?
—— no, i only go there ______ because it’s too far away from my house.
a. eventually b. constantly c. occasionally d. frequently
2. my daughter cares more for new clothes than anything else in the world, so she is very _______ about what she wears.
a. special b. strict c. especial d. particular
3. well, that’s just the deal. ______ price will be out of my reach.
a. the higher b. a higher c. the highest d. a highest
4. much to my surprise, the eight-year-old boy _____fixed my computer within ten minutes.
a.skillfully b.immediately c.normally d.nervously
5. attention, coffee lovers! we have for you, the best coffee machine _____ invented.
a. ever b. already c. even d. nowadays
6. it is ______ to spend money in preventing illnesses by promoting healthy living rather than spending it trying to make people ______ after they are ill.
a. good; good b. well; better c. better; better d. better; good
7. the increase of the number of the students makes the limited computers not ______ to each student.
a.available b.affordable c.helpful d.acceptable
8. food safety is ________ important, so the government spares no efforts to prevent food pollution.
a.strongly b. reasonably c.highly d. naturally
9. 10,000 dollars is a large sum of money，but it is still ______than we need for a new house
a.very few b.very little c.far fewer d.far less
10. wouldn’t it be ____for you to pick me up at four o’clock and take me to the airport.
a.free b.vacant c.handy d.convenient
参考答案及解析
1.【解析】c句意：---你不经常去超市，是吗？---不经常去，我只是偶尔去，因为超市离我们家太远。occasionally---sometimes, but not regular and not often偶尔；eventually ---at last, in the end最后，终于；constantly ---all the time, or very often不断地，经常地；frequently频繁地，经常地。
2.【解析】d special特殊的；strict严厉的；especial专门的；be particular about sth对……很挑剔；符合题意。这句话的意思是：我的女儿对新衣服和一切新事物都很关心，因此她对穿着很挑剔。
3.【解析】b 句意：好了，成交了，再高了就超出了我的支付能力了。根据题意，并不是进行比较，因此不用比较级，排除a 和c，而是表示“再”，冠词a+比较级表示此意。
4.【解析】a skillfully技巧熟练地，符合题意。由much to my surpris 可推测出 the eight-year-old boy应该技巧熟练。immediately立即的；normally正常的；nervously紧张的
5.【解析】a 句意强调“我们今天准备的是曾经最好的” ever 曾经；already 已经；even 甚至；nowadays 如今；后三项不符合题意。
6.【解析】c 有than 可知前面一个空应用比较级，因此排除ab, 根据题意第二个空也应用比较级，是生病前后病人身体健康状况的比较
7.【解析】a available可以得到的， 可达到的， 可用的；affordable买得起的；helpful 有帮助的；acceptable可以接受的；根据句意，a项符合题意。
8.【解析】c strongly强壮地，强烈的；reasonably合情合理的；highly 高度地， 很好， 非常；naturally自然的；句意是食品安全非常重要，因此政府不遗余力预防食物污染。
9.【解析】d 由 than 可知应用比较级，排除ab，数量多少应用 little 比较级为 less.
10.【解析】d free自由的，空闲的；vacant空缺的，空白的；handy便于使用的， 便利的， 可携带的， 轻便的；convenient方便的，d项符合题意
【学法导航】形容词或副词在历年的高考试卷中都会考到。对于形容词和副词，学生首先应该掌握形容词和副词基本用法；然后掌握形容词和副词的比较级和最高级特殊句型。学生可以重点掌握四个即可：一是在下面这些半系动词sound，taste，smell，look，feel，seem，appear，stand，fall，remain，keep，get，grow，become，turn等后面常跟形容词作表语。 二是掌握名词前多个形容词的顺序问题，一般表主观形容词，如新旧大小长短是否漂亮这些形容词在前，表客观形容词，如颜色材料质地本质形容词在后面。如an old small red paper packet 一个旧的红色的小纸包；三是掌握特殊句型的口语表达法、倍数位置；四十精做习题，依据语境规律排除，训练自己的应试能力
【专题综合】1. how beautifully she sings! i have never heard _____ voice.
a. a better b. a best c. the better d. the best
2. professor white has written some short stories, but he is _____ known for his plays.
a. the best b. more c. better d. the most
3. the plane flew smoothly ______ in the sky and people spoke ______ of the experienced pilot.
a. high；high b. highly；highly c. high；highly d. highly；high
4. —— what do you think of the concert?—— oh, it was______success.
a. a very b. quite a c .so d. really
5. i haven’t seen______ this since i collected stamps.
a. as old a stamp as b. so an old stamp as
c. stamp as old as d. as an old stamp a
6.the task is too much for me, so i can’t carry on ______any longer. i must get some help.
a. singly b.simply c.alone d.lonely
7. have your working conditions improved?
---no, ______than before, i’m afraid.
a. no better b.a little batter c.not worse d.no worse
8. to their great relief, the missing child returned home, ______, after an absence of two weeks.
a.felt tired and sound b.tiring and soundly
c.feeling tired but soundly d.tired but sound
9. we must keep our room clean, for dirt and disease go______, you know.
a.hand in hand b.step by step c.from time ti time d.one zfter another
10. how are you getting on with your classates?
——______. i’ve got to know them all.
a. far better b.much pleased c.very comfortable d.very good
11. it is always difficult being in a foreign country, __________if you don’t speak the language.
a.extremely b.naturally c.basically d.especially
12. it is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.
a.an art much as b.much an art as c.as an art much as d.as much an art as
参考答案及解析
1.【解析】a容易误选d，认为最高级前要用定冠词。其实此题最佳答案为a，该句可视为…i have never heard a better voice than her voice 之省略，全句句意为“她唱得多好啊！我从未听过她这么好的声音”
2.【解析】c 此题首先不宜选b或d，因为 well known 的比较级和最高级通常是 better known和best known，有时也可以是 more well known 和 most well known，但通常不能是 more known 和 most known。至于是选a还是c，这就要看语境。由于句中涉及的只有 stories 和 plays 两个对象，故应选比较级。
3.【解析】c high in the sky 是个形容词短语，意为“高高地在天上”。同时，speak highly of 是个词组，表示“高度赞扬”的意思
4.【解析】b quite a , quite some用以指人或物不寻常，如we had quite a party.（我们的聚会不一般。）it must be quite some car.（那辆车可不比寻常。）
5.【解析】a 表示“象这么旧的邮票”可用以 下形式表达：as old a stamp as this； a stamp as old as this； 否定句中前一个as可用so。
6.【解析】c句意：这项任务对我来说太重了，我再也不能单独自己做了，我必须找个助手。singly各自的，一个一个地；simply简单的，仅仅，只不过；alone独立，单独；lonely孤独的，寂寞的。
7.【解析】a 你们的工作条件改善了吗？---没有，和以前一样（不好）。no+比较级+ than 表示“两者同样不……的意思”
8.【解析】d 句意：使他们宽慰的是，丢失的孩子两周后又重返家园，虽然很疲惫但很健康。形容词作状语表示伴随或结果，不表示动作的方式
9.【解析】a 句意：我们必须保持室内卫生，你知道脏乱与疾病是分不开的。hand in hand---happenning together and closely connected密切相关的，同时发生的。本句还可说成：dirt goes hand in hand with disease.
10.【解析】a 句意：——你和你们班的同学相处的如何？——好多了，我和他们都认识了。答语为省略句，补全后应为：i’m getting on far better with my classmates.
11.【解析】d本题考查副词的词义辨析。注意掌握词语的准确含义，结合语境进行分析。a项意为“极端地”；b项意为“自然地”；c项“基本上”；d项“尤其，特别地”。根据句意“如果你不会讲（它的）语言，在国外你就总会困难重重”可知答案
12.【解析】d 本题可从考查形容词的同级比较点入手。在同级比较as…as句式中，如果as后面的形容词作定语且其所修饰的名词前有不定冠词时，该冠词须置于形容词之后，即形成“as + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + as”结构。这道题在名词专题中也有解析，不同的是观察视角不同，应注意培养发散思维