论文既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。
英文论文致谢
Acknowledgements:
I would like to grant oceans of thanks to all my respected teachers and friendswho have offered me cordial assistance during the two and a half years.
First and foremost, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my respected supervisorProfessor Li Changbao, for his patient guidance, insightful suggestions and constantencouragement through the whole process of my thesis. Without his inspiringinstructions and invaluable suggestions, it would really be a difficult task for me tocomplete this thesis by myself.
Special thanks should also go to all the excellent professors who have taught mein this university over the past two years, for leading me into the field of researchwork, and giving me tremendous inspiration, courage and confidence during my studyhere. Their insightful lectures have made my study delightful and enjoyable.
Finally, I am also deeply indebted to all my family members and friends for theirencouragement which inspires me every time when I have no motivation to continue.
I must mention all my roommates, who give me a comfortable atmosphere to studyand do me a lot of favor when I need help.
Acknowledgements:
I would like to extend my deep gratitude to all those who have offered me a lot ofhelp and support in the process of my thesis writing.
First and foremost, my sincere thanks go to Professor Li Changbao, my supervisor,who has offered me numerous valuable comments and suggestions with incomparablepatience and encouraged me profoundly throughout my postgraduate study. Without hispainstaking teaching and insightful advice, the completion of this thesis would havebeen impossible.
Also, I owe many thanks to all the professors who have taught me during myprevious study in this university, for leading me into a challenging yet fascinating fieldof academic research. The profit that I gained from them will be of everlastingsignificance to my future research.
Last but not least, I am deeply indebted to my family and friends, who have helpedme and shared with me my worries, frustrations, and happiness.
Acknowledgements:
The writing of a PhD dissertation is not an easy task, especially for someone whohas just begun her academic journey. During the evolution of this dissertation. I amdeeply indebted to a number of people who have guided and supported me in manyways.
I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my research supervisor. ProfessorShen Li for her sincere and selfless support, prompt and useful advice during myresearch. She gives me a lifetime unforgettable memory of her benevolence, patience,intelligence,diligence and erudition.
My gratitude also goes to Professor Chu Xiaoquan, Qu Weiguo and Shen Yuan ofthe Department of English, College of Foreign Languages and Literature, FudanUniversity. They gave me substantial suggestions for the refinement of thisdissertation during my pre-oral defense.
I would also like to thank Professor Zhang Chunbai of the College of ForeignLanguages, East China Normal University. Professor Huang Guowen of the Collegeof Foreign Languages, Zhongshan University and Professor Wang Tongshun of theCollege of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiaotong University, for careful review ofmy dissertation and their valuable comments.
I would like to extend my special thanks to Professor Wu Zhongwei ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. Being my supervisorduring the MA studies, he awakened my interest in SLA and TCSOL in particular. Thesame gratitude also goes to Professor Chen Liangmin of the Department of French,College of Foreign Languages and Literature, Fudan University. He introduced me theelegance of the French language which I chose as my major for bachelor's study and Iwould never forget what I have learnt from him.
My special thanks also go to my mentor Professor Shen Xiaoxiao ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. He provided metremendous guidance and support for my administrative work as master students'counselor and built a perfect model of a teacher, an advisor and a leader.
I am also grateful to Mme Zhang Shiyu' Li Lin. Shen Anyi and He Shijin fortheir spiritual support during my project. I am always indebted to the encouragementsthey gave me.
Lastly and most importantly. I would like to acknowledge the endless support,encouragement patience and understanding of my family. They gave me the incentiveto do this work and have put up unquestioningly with the difficult person that I hadbecome in the last few critical months of finalizing this dissertation. I love themforever.
Acknowledgements:
First and foremost, I would like to send my sincere gratitude to my supervisorProfessor Li Changbao. Without his devoted guidance during the whole course fromthe selection of the topic to the final manuscript and the efforts he has made to revisethe manuscript, this thesis would not be what it is now. Meanwhile, during the pasttwo and half years, he also provided me with valuable suggestions about study andlife which may benefit me in my whole life.
High tribute shall also be paid to all the teachers who have taught me during mygraduate study. Profound and intelligent, they endowed me with new insights towardsmy study. Among those teachers, I am really grateful to Mr. Teng Chao and Ms. ChenXianghong who are so gentle and considerate to share with me the importantmaterials I need when writing the thesis.
Finally, I am indebted to my parents and friends who have always supported meand encouraged me during the course of the thesis writing.
Acknowledgements:
The acconq)lishment of this thesis is owing to the unreserved instruction and persistentendeavour from a lot of people,to whom I would express my sincere gratitude, for this thesiscan't come into being without their joint effort.
First and foremost, my sincerest thanks go to my distinguished supervisor,ProfessorShao Zhihong, who is always granting me constant instruction, and showing me anenlightment when I'm in confusion. From the thesis proposal, structure to the content, he hasgiven precious inspiration. I am deeply encouraged by his profound knowledge, insightfulteaching and conscientious modification.
Secondly, my sincere appreciation also goes to all course instructors whose excellentprofession and good virtue have presented me with wisdom and intuition. Thanks for theirgenerous sharing which has prepared me for the thesis.
Finally, I'd like to extend my thanks to my parents and my friends who often give mecare and encouragement in the process of my study. Under their love,I can go with strongmotivation and power and that now I can be here,completing my postgraduate studysmoothly.
Acknowledgements:
Before concluding this thesis, I would like to take the precious opportunity to extend mywholehearted gratitude to all who have been helping me with my accomplishment of thispaper.
First and foremost,I owe my deepest gratitude to my distinguished supervisor, ProfessorYan Jinglan,who empowered me with inspiration and instruction, guided me in collection ofabundant materials, and enlightened me while in confusion. I am deeply grateful for thecontinuous support throughout my post-graduate study, especially during the time I studied atImperial College London. Without her dedicated assistance and insightfiil supervision, Iwould not have the courage to pursue for another master degree at Imperial, let alone thisthesis.
My sincere appreciation also goes to my prestigious master programme team at EastChina University of Science and Techonlogy, just to name a few, Professor Yu Yuguo,Professor Shao Zhihong,Professor Wang Jianguo, Professor Yang Huimin,Ms. Zhang Pan,Ms. Lin Mei, etc.,whose thought-provoking instruction imparted profound knowledge andmorality and who accredited me the opportunity to study abroad and experience in the globalcontext within my post-graduate study.
Last but not least,I am so gratefial to the programme team at Imperial College BusinessSchool, which allowed me getting access to the facilities and data polls,represented by MarcoMongiello, MBA programme senior director and Frankie Galati, senior programmecoordinator and associate professor Sankalp Chaturvedi, supporting me with direct data andkey facts about course designs through personal emails and interviews. Without their kindestassistance, this study would have gone nowhere.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank a number of people who haveoffered invaluable assistance in the preparation of the dissertation.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Luo Ping, mysupervisor, who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Hiscritical comments, constant encouragement and guidance have greatly enlightened menot only on the academic pursuit but also on the morals of being a man. Without hisconsistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its presentstage.
Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all the professors andteachers whose insightful lectures have well prepared me for the completion of thethesis during my pursuit of the Master Degree ofArts at SISU.
I also greatly appreciate the assistance offered by the authors and scholarsmentioned in the bibliography, without whose works, the literature review of mythesis would not have been possible.
Last, I am deeply indebted to my beloved parents and friends, who alwayssupported me, willingly discussed with me, and offered valuable insights. Their helpand support have accompanied me through the difficult course of the thesis andmoments of my life.
contents
introduction………………………………………………………………1
1.the common historical background……………………………………1
1.1 international………………………………………………………1
1.2 national…………………………………………………………1
2.the common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
2.1 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
2.1.1 beats in literature………………………………………………2
2.1.2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3
2.2 ideologies in between……………………………………………4
2.2.1 beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
2.2.2 their same destiny……………………………………………4
2.2.3 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
2.3 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
2.3.1 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
2.3.2 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
3.their identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
3.1 bohemian…………………………………………………………7
3.1.1 beats…………………………………………………………7
3.1.2 rockers………………………………………………………7
3.2 madness…………………………………………………………8
3.2.1 the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
3.2.2 rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
3.3 self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
3.3.1 drugs…………………………………………………………9
3.3.2 homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
4.1 beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
4.2 rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………1
英文论文摘要格式
一、英文论文摘要的种类
摘要主要有三种：学术论文摘要，学术会议摘要及由专门摘要撰写者撰写的摘要。
本文主要探讨学术论文英文摘要。本文所选英文摘要例子均引自国内外语类核心期刊，以体现该研究对象的代表性。Arbor认为，根据撰写方法的不同，学术论文摘要主要有两种：一种是结果式摘要。这种摘要围绕研究发现结果为中心而撰写，有时会附带写上基于发现结果而得出的结论；另外一种是总结陈述式摘要，即对所撰写论文的总结陈述。
还需要注意的是，这片摘要并没有在研究结果的基础上写出据此得出的结论。选择何种方法撰写摘要，主要根据论文内容所属的研究类型和所采取的研究方法而定。本文认为，一般情况下，采用定量研究方法的论文摘要多为“结果式”;采用定性研究方法的'论文摘要多为“总结陈述式”。
二、英文摘要的结构要素
黄国文将英文摘要的结构要素归纳为六个：主题阐述、背景信息、目的陈述、方法论和语料、研究结果、发现和研究所带来的启示和结论，并指出并非所有的论文摘要都完全包括这六个要素，“事实上，一些成分是必选的，而其他成分是可有可无的”。
Slade也认为，“一篇摘要必须包括简明扼要的主题阐述，主要发现及意义，还有结论”。“摘要中一定要有方法和论文内容的重要词句，这样，此篇摘要才会在电脑中被搜索到，进而让读者决定是否阅读”。所以，在撰写摘要时，要根据具体的论文明确判断哪些要素是摘要必须包括的。
三、英文摘要的语法特点
1.英文摘要语句中主语的语法特点
黄国文认为，英文摘要中主要是由名词短语或作名词词组作主语。但本文所引实例可以使我们更具体的发现，充当主语的通常为非人的名词短语或名词词组。被动语态也在适当的时候出现，这些特点都表明摘要写作要遵循客观性这一道理。表明论文的研究不是作者的主观想象，而是通过大量的科学研究而的得出的结论。
2.英文摘要的时态特点
时态上，摘要也具有其自身的特点。Arbor认为，表示总结的语句通常与一般现在时或现在完成时；表示结果的语句可用过去时。Arbor还指出，“现在时态用于表示结果的语句这一情况通常易发生在自然科学领域而少发生在社会科学领域”。“主观用语的使用也易发生在自然科学领域”。
四、英文论文摘要的书写方法
摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性。即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。摘要一般应包括研究题目的选择理由和目的；研究的方法或者过程；研究的发现或者成果。
五、摘要格式
英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距)。
英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，加粗，居中，段前0.5行，段后0行，单倍行距)。
英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。英文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“英文摘要正文”或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅)。英文摘要后空一行，另起一行列出英文关键词。“Key words：”格式：首行缩进2字符，Times New Roman，小四，加粗。“Key words：”后紧接英文关键词。关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个末尾不加标点。英文关键词全部小写。英文关键词格式：Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅。
英文论文字体格式
相信很多同学都会接触到英文论文，那么英文论文的文章字体用多大合适呢？字体格式有什么要求？让我们就来给大家简单科普一下吧！
英文论文字体格式
一、论文的题目要求
1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录
2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等
3、论文题目一般不超过20个字
4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明
二、论文摘要的要求
应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的`目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论
三、论文的关键词
每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词
四、论文的字体及字号格式
1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体
2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字”
3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字”
4、正文使用字体为 Times New Roma，大小为12 font(也就是小四)“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”
5、行距 为1.5 或 2倍 行距，段与段之间需要空一行
6、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐(总之，左起必须顶格)
7、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数
相关阅读
英文论文范文
Implication of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations
Abstract
Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have
become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other party's culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.
Key words:culture cultural difference business negotiation impact
Contents
1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
1.1 The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4
1.2 The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4
1.2.1 Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4
1.2.2 Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4
1.2.3 Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4
1.2.4 Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4
1.2.5 Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4
1.2.6 The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5
1.3 Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
2.1 Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
2.2 Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
2.3 Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
2.3.1 Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
2.3.2 Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8
2.3.3 Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8
2.3.4 Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8
3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the pletion of this thesis would not have been possible.
I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been.
1.简短毕业论文致谢词
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor,professor Lu yun, who has offered me constructive guidance for the planning of the thesisand invaluable advice and encouragement for its completion and improvement. She is sucha devoted teacher that though busy in her teaching and research, she never hesitates to offerme timely and spiritual support. She spares no effort to read, comment on and polish mythesis.
Besides, I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to all the teachers in the School ofForeign Languages in Guangxi Teachers Education who have taught me and given meunselfish support during my three postgraduate years. It is my great honor to have knownall those respectable teachers.
Furthermore, I would like to thank my classmates, Mao xiang, Zhu Jingyan, Zou qin,etc. They have helped me and encouraged me a lot in my writing. Without them, mypostgraduate life will lose much happiness.
Finally, I feel indebted to my parents, for their understanding and love in life. I lovethem.
1.标题
即标题，它的首要作用是归纳全部论文的中心内容。标题要切当、恰当、明显、简略、精粹。
XXXX
(标题：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，别的单词首字母都要大写；别的：除了标题外，论文中一切英文的字体均选用“Times New Roman”)
XX学院 XX级
学号XX XXX 辅导老师：XXX
(学院、专业、学号、作者名字、辅导老师名字(小四号宋体字，加粗)，顺次排印在论文标题下，上空二行，居中)
2.摘要
摘要是论文的高度归纳，是长篇论文不行短少的组成有些。请求用中、英文分别书写，一篇摘要不少于200字。要注明3-5个要害字。
【Abstract】 XXXX……
(英文摘要：上空二行；标题选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必别的任何标点符号；选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。)
3.要害字
是标明文献要害主题内容，但尽量少用不标准的主题词或新造词。要害字是为了文献标引作业，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文首要内容信息款目的单词或术语。
【Key Words】 XX; XX;XX;XX
(英文要害字：标题选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必任何别的标点符号，
选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，别的单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“;”离隔，分号以后空一格；最终一个要害字以后不必任何标点符号；单倍行距。)
4.正文
论文的正文是毕业设计(论文)的主体和中心有些，是作者对自个的研究作业详细的表述。
1.XX……
2.XX……
3.XX……
(正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号：1.1,1.2…，2.1,2.2…;末节的编号为：1.1.1, 1.1.2…末节以下层次，选用希腊数字加括号为序，如(i)，(ii)…;以后再选用字母加括号，如(a)， (b)，…;每章标题左顶格，
小四号字，加粗；每节(及末节以下)标题左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；一切章节的标题都独自一行，最终不加任何标点符号)
5.定论
定论包含对全部研究作业进行归纳和综合而得出的定论。定论集中反映作者的研究成果，表达作者对所研究课题的见地和主张，是全文的思维精华，通常写的归纳，篇幅较短。
Conclusion
6.参考文献
参考文献是对论文引文进行计算和剖析的主要信息源之一，在论文中所引用、参考过的文献，通常都应列出来。
Bibliography (References) (小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号)
(论文最终的参考文献中一切文献的摆放次序：尾注：依照编号次序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不必独自加序号或编号；
每个参考文献的第二行起有必要缩进4个英文字符；1.5倍行距；别的，与文中的夹注一一对应)
Acknowledgements:
I would like to express my sincere and deep gratitude to my supervisor, ProfessorSun Jisheng, for her inspiring instructions, earnest encouragement and great patienceshe has offered to me. I was especially touched and encouraged to have her detailedcomments and suggestions when revising the thesis. What's more, I learned from herthe spirit of rigorous scholarship in my contact with her in the past several months.
Without her supervision and instruction, I would not have been able to complete thisthesis.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the other professors of China ForeignAffairs University during my two-year postgraduate study there. Their instructivelectures have provided me with an enjoyable and profitable learning experience atCFAU, which has greatly improved my academic interest and ability.
I also owe my gratitude to my colleagues in the Ministry of Foreign Affairswhere I work. My gratitude also goes to my department for the support to thislearning journey.
My heartfelt thanks also go to my wife and my daughter, who have alwayssupported me during my postgraduate learning, preparation for national qualificationexams and this thesis writing. Their love and smile every day are the most valuablethings to me on this journey.
Acknowledgements:
It takes me a whole year to finish this paper, and the process is definitely not easy.
Fortunately, my supervisor, Professor Zhang Lei, keeps giving me valuable instructionand encouragement with her great patience and carefulness. Each time I sent her adraft of my paper, she would not only check its overall structure and logic closely, butalso correct all the errors word by word, which helped me to improve my papersteadily and made me feel more confident day by day. Without her guidance, thispaper can never be finished in time. And besides the paper itself, Professor Zhang alsogave me useful advice on how to approach the field of international relations whichwill be quite conducive to my further study. Therefore, I would like to express mysincere gratitude to Professor Zhang Lei for her kind help.
I also want to thank all my English teachers at China Foreign Affairs University.
During my two years' study on campus, they gave me professional and patientinstruction on English learning, which proved to be a necessary basis for the writingof this paper.
Acknowledg ement:
This thesis would never have materialized without the help and support frommany parties.
First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor inChina Foreign Affairs University, Professor Lv Hui, for his invaluable instruction,incessant inspiration and constant encouragement. She has spent a lot of time readingand correcting my thesis. Without her academic guidance, I could not haveaccomplished this thesis. Her energy and passion for knowledge and education havehad such a great influence on me that I am sure they always remain a beacon in myfuture career.
I am also indebted to all my teachers in the English Department of China ForeignAffairs University, especially to Professor Zhang XiaoLi, Ms. Shi Yi, Ms. MeiQiong, Professor Sun Jisheng, Professor Wang Yan, Professor Song Aiqun andProfessor He Qun for everything I have learned from them during the time at thisuniversity.
I would like to express my thanks to my friends Liu Ying and Jin XiaoQing fortheir sincere support.
In addition, I wish to say thanks to my family and relatives, especially my elderbrother Liu WenFeng, who gave me a lot of useful information for me.
In the end, I'm grateful to my mother. Without her help and encouragement, Iwould never have finished this thesis on time.
Acknowledgements:
This thesis would not have been possible without constructive advice and helpfrom many persons.
First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor inChina Foreign Affairs University, Professor Ran Jijun, for his great advice andguidance on the content and format of this thesis, which is critical for revision.
Without his academic guidance, I could not have accomplished this thesis.
I would like to express my appreciation to all my teachers in the EnglishDepartment of China Foreign Affairs University, especially to Professor He Yinghong,Professor Guo Liqiu, Professor Sun Jisheng, Professor Zhang Lei, Professor SongAiqun, Professor Wei Lamei and Professor He Qun for everything I have learned fromthem during the two years at this university.
Also, the emotional support from my parents and my husband is no less importantthan the academic assistance.
In the end, I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues who helped collectuseful reference books and materials for me.
AcknowledgementsThis thesis would never have materialized without the help and support frommany parties.
First, I'd like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor in China ForeignAffairs University, Professor Zhang Xiaoli, who gave me a lot of useful andconstructive advice on my thesis. With his professional and academic knowledge, hetaught me how to do research, how to revise the thesis. Whenever I sent him ane-mail concerning my thesis, he replied soon. He spent a lot of time reading andcorrecting my thesis. Only under his guidance and encouragement could I finish thisthesis.
I am also indebted to all my teachers in the English Department of ChinaForeign Affairs University. As a teacher myself, I learned a lot about interpretation,translation, culture and teaching methods from them, which is helpful to my job.
I wish to express my thanks to my leader, dean of the Department of AppliedLinguistics, Capital Medical University. She encouraged me constantly to finish thestudy.
At last, I want to thank my husband and other family members and relatives,who showed their concern and support when I pursued my study.
标准格式
1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。
2、 论文摘要和关键词。
论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以300字左右为宜。
关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。
3、 目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。
4、 引言（或序言）。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。
5、 正文。是毕业论文的主体。
6、 结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。
7、 参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。
8、 附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
Upon the completion of the thesis, I would like to take this opportunity toexpress my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Peng Xiaohua, who hasgiven me important guidance on the thesis. Without his help and encouragement,my thesis would have been impossible. Besides his help with my thesis,he hasalso given me much advice on the methods of doing research, which is of greatvalue to my future academic life.
I am also obliged to other teachers whose lectures have broadened my scopeof vision in British and American literature and help me lay a necessaryfoundation for the writing of the thesis. I am also grateful to all the members ofthe faculty and staff in the College of Foreign Languages who have provided mewith a lot of help and guidance.
Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all the friends andfamily members who have offered me help. Without their help,I could not havefinished my study and this thesis.
经济发展英文论文
论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具，下面我们一起来看看关于经济发展的论文。
一、经济发展新常态基本特征之内在联系
经济增长保持在合理区间赢得了优化结构的时间和空间，是新常态的基础性特征。优化经济结构是梳理自己的家当、理性思考、总结得失、深化改革、创新思路、挖掘潜力、果断决策、千方百计把手里的事情做的更好，从增量扩能为主向存量和增量并重转变，最大限度发挥做强现有优势、不遗余力拓展做大新兴优势，是途径性特征。创新驱动是释放全体人民的热情和创造力，使每个人的聪明才智得以充分迸发、发展成果让每个人普遍享受，经济社会发展量力而为、国计民生大事量入而出、轻重缓急拿捏得当、良性循环健康发展，从而实现居民收入增加、生活水平提高，是目的性特征。新常态的内涵应当是调整、巩固、优化、提高，是稳中求进。新常态不是权宜之计，是一个大体量经济体健康发展应当保持的积极理性的正常状态。稳增长不能妨碍调结构，调结构过程中，不能放弃稳增长。速度、结构、驱动构成的特征之间是你中有我、我中有你、彼此相依的关系，缺项则不完整，不为新常态。面对新常态，至关重要的是全面把握新常态基本特征之间的有机统一、互为条件的关系，真正理解速度、结构、驱动力之间的有机联系，不可偏废、不能割裂、深度融合，在实际工作中切实践行经济发展新常态这一客观科学的论述，唯有如此，才能使这一论述发挥其引领中国经济健康发展的指导作用。
二、适应经济发展新常态贵在共识和主动
中国改革开放的伟大实践留下了鲜明的解放思想、转变观念的印记，回眸每一次历史性的进步，盘点每一个划时代的成就，无一不是思想解放、观念突破所牵引和推动。经济发展新常态的论述标志着中国经济发展理论更趋成熟，是发展理念的深刻变革，是指引科学发展正确道路的里程碑。因此我们只有把思想和行动统一到中央对新常态的认识和判断上来，才能真正解放思想、开动脑筋、开阔新思路，增强加快转变发展方式的自觉性，主动适应、从容有效应对新常态新情况新变化新任务的严峻挑战，也才能开创新局面。适应经济发展新常态是稳中求进。管控速度、稳中求进、科学发展是国家一个时期以来也是今后经济工作的总基调和政策原则。发展速度由高转为中高，不是孤立的指标下调，不是单纯的自减压力。综观国际国内经济起伏，世界政治经济格局的动荡日趋常态化，全球经济发展走势的不确定性明显增加，国内改革进入攻坚期，利益博弈角力加剧、社会矛盾叠加凸显，面对各种矛盾和挑战，保持清醒的头脑，巩固根据地谋取新发展、稳中求进无疑是明智的选择。适应新常态不是经济衰退的无奈，是为了更优更好发展的大智慧。适应经济发展新常态任务任重道远。进入新常态，改革发展任务异常艰巨繁重、工作的难度强度也大大提高，稳中求进稳扎稳打的发展对经济运行的组织和调控提出了更高要求，这种增长方式的转变告别的是简单粗放的发展方式，与之相伴的是结构的如何优化和驱动的怎样创新，需要做大量艰苦细致的工作，追求的是高质量高水平高效益的。发展，智慧系数要求更高、工作内容更复杂、难度更大也更艰苦，面对新常态尤其不能自减压力、掉以轻心、高枕无忧，要切实感受肩上的担子不是轻了，而是更重了。适应经济发展新常态必须发挥主观能动性。正确地认识世界重要，主观能动地改造世界更重要。适应新常态，尤其需要大兴调查研究之风。了解情况要深入实际，解决问题要雷厉风行。要找准优势和不足，分析核心竞争力和边缘产能，做大优质存量，整合淘汰落后产能，培育朝阳产业，发现培育播种培养经济增长点。各项工作不走过场、不推诿、不敷衍、不扯皮、不折腾，积极主动自觉地践行新常态。
三、应对经济发展新常态尤其需要变革与担当
应对经济发展新常态需要担当的勇气和奉献的胸怀。不计成本和后果，以牺牲资源和环境为代价的高速度以及靠拼资源、拼环境、拼投资、拼政策求发展已成过去。经济结构的优化、增长方式的转变需要非同寻常的勇气、能力、智慧、担当，需要科学的态度，运筹帷幄、精雕细刻、仔细把玩手中的、反复琢磨脚下的、付出艰辛、穷尽可能、做到极致，需要时间的检验，甚至是作出名和利的牺牲，蒙受可能的误解。创新驱动更不是瞎指挥、拍脑门，一时冲动、一蹴而就的，创新驱动是一个系统工程，尤其需要发挥科技、文化、教育的整体合力，需要战略眼光、超前思维、谋篇布局，有赖于全民族素质的提升，往往只争朝夕不能立竿见影。因此，以大我之心胸、为民之情怀、广阔之视野，踏下心来扎实工作、殚精竭虑、呕心沥血谋划健康发展、谋划国家未�
四、经济发展新常态必然催生中国经济的新跨越
英文论文【17篇】
一、英语论文的标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下：第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距�
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如：Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如：English 734或British Novel)。
打印时，如无特殊要求，每一行均需double space,即隔行打印，行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言，如果英语论文篇幅较短，亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。
第一行为作者姓名，与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐，并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。
接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印，不必留出更多空白)。
二、英语论文提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下：先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。
各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即：有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。
如果英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、英语论文正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文，其正文第一页的规范格式为：论文标题居中，其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。
段首字母须缩进五格，即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起，必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行，在其后部)打上论文作者的姓，空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式，即：句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格，其他标点符号后则空一格。
四、英语论文的文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一，即其逻辑性，又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。
引述别人的观点，可以直接引用，也可以间接引用。
无论采用何种方式，论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。
目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
现针对文中引述的不同情况，将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行，则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。
如：
The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).
这里，圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的。页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格，但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行，则应将引文与论文文字分开，如下例所示：
Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”
is an admirable and characteristic
diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it
Whitman is unable to conceive the
extreme crises of society, one is certain
that no society would be tolerable whoses
citizens could not find refreshment in its
buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)
这里的格式有两点要加以注意。
一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格，即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号，末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
3.如需在引文中插注，对某些词语加以解释，则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。
如：
Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).
值得注意的是，本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中，故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。
4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除，则需用省略号。
如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点，如出现在引文末，则用四个点，最后一点表示句号，置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来，应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间，或点与点之间都需空一格。
如：
Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).
5.若引文出自一部多卷书，除注明作者姓和页码外，还需注明卷号。
如：
Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).
圆括弧里的1为卷号，小写罗马数字i为页码，说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。
此外，书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是：书名，包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线，或用斜体字；其他作品，如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出，如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。
6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品，除注明引文作者及页码外，还要注明作品名。
如：
Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).
Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).
这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作，故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名，以免混淆。
两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长，在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。
7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句，其引用格式如下例所示。
When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).
这里，被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开，斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。
如果引用的诗句超过三行，仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。
五、英语论文的文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况，即文献目录页。
美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点：
1.目录页应与正文分开，另页打印，置于正文之后。
2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页，按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多，不止一页，则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。
1、 毕业论文一律打印，采取a4纸张，页边距一律采取：上2.8cm、下2.5cm，左3cm,右2.5cm，行间距取多倍行距（设置值为1.25）；字符间距为默认值（缩放100%，间距：标准），封面采用教务处统一规定的封面。
2、 字体要求
论文所用字体要求为宋体。
3、 字号
第一层次题序和标题用小三号黑体字；第二层次题序和标题用四号黑体字；第三层次及以下题序和标题与第二层次同正文用小四号宋体。
4、 页眉及页码
毕业论文各页均加页眉，采用宋体五号宋体居中，打印“xx大学xxxx届x科生毕业论文（设计）”。页码从正文开始在页脚按阿拉伯数字（宋体小五号）连续编排，居中书写。
5、 摘要及关键词
中文摘要及关键词：“摘要”二字采用三号字黑体、左对齐书写，“摘”与“要”之间空两格，内容采用小四号宋体。“关键词”三字采用小四号字黑体，顶格书写，一般为3—5个。
英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应，字体为小四号times new roman。
6、 目录
“目录”二字采用三号字黑体、居中书写，“目”与“录”之间空两格，第一级层次采用小三号宋体字，其他级层次题目采用四号宋体字。
7、 正文
正文的全部标题层次应整齐清晰，相同的层次应采用统一的字体表示。第一级为“一”“二”“三”等，第二级为“1.1”“1.2”“1.3”等，第三级为“1.1.1”“1.1.2”等。
8、 参考文献
参考文献要另起一页，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用标注，如××× [1]。
英文论文
【一】英文电影听说教学问题与发展趋势
英文原声电影听说教学步骤
(一)准备阶段
1.教师准备。
(1)电影取材。
选取的电影一定要发音地道，不能有很重的口音，要便于学生学习标准的发音。
电影同时要有中英文双字幕，这样可以方便学生积累和记忆词汇。
电影的主题要健康向上，能够深刻揭示人生哲理，可以让学生在学习语言的同时，陶冶情操。
另外，如果电影具有某种时代意义，便于学生了解某个国家的重大历史事件，则更有选取价值。
如美国电影《冷山》(TheColdMountain)就展现了美国内战的历史背景，观看后学生会对这段历史记忆犹新。
而电影的难度虽然不宜过难，以免挫伤学生的学习积极性，但教师亦应把握影片的难度需要比学生掌握的水平稍难，这样才有助于学生的自主学习。
(2)知识准备。
在放映前老师应提前观看电影，并发掘其中的知识点，如俚语、文化信息、宗教内涵和词汇知识等等。
教师应根据学生的水平设置相关问题，并想好放映电影过程中进行学习和讨论的步骤和方法。
2.学生准备。
学生主要是知识准备。
学生可根据老师提供的影片和相关问题，上网搜集影片信息，了解故事梗概和相关背景。
这样在观看影片时学生就可以将更多的精力放在词汇和难点的理解上，而不是花费大量的时间来理解情节。
(二)学习阶段
在影片放映的过程中，老师可以适当间断放映并提供不同的任务让学生来完成以达到学习的目的。
主要方式为：(1)文化信息植入。
如影片突出体现了文化和宗教上的知识，教师应及时给与相关内容的补充，以加深学生的印象。
如影片《为戴茜小姐开车》(DrivingMissDaisy)，教师可以植入种族歧视的相关文化内容，而如影片《宾汉》(Ben-Hur)则需植入宗教文化知识。
(2)讨论。
教师可在放映过程中就相关情节和人物关系进行提问，并且让学生分组讨论，最后自由发言。
该方式有助于锻炼学生的口语和自主学习能力。
(3)抢答。
教师可设计一些问题让学生进行分组抢答，并最终给予回答正确问题较多的组以适当奖励。
但需留意问题难度要把握好，不能太难，以免挫伤学生的积极性，无法达到锻炼学生口语水平和反应能力的效果。
(三)反馈评估阶段
此阶段，学生根据影片内容进行知识的归纳总结并自我反思。
教师可以根据影片内容进行相关测试并布置作业来监控学生的学习效果，具体的方法有：1.角色扮演。
学生可选取自己感兴趣的一段电影片断进行角色扮演，并在过程中锻炼自己的临场发挥能力，提升自己的口语水平。
2.台词背诵。
教师可要求学生选取经典台词进行背诵，要求尽量模仿主人公的语音语调和情感，借此机会改进自己的语音语调。
3.写作练习。
教师可布置与影片揭示的人生哲理相关的作文话题让学生写作文表达自己对主人公、情节或者主题的见解，锻炼书面表达能力。
4.字幕翻译。
教师可去掉中文字幕，截取部分英文字幕让学生进行现场翻译，截取内容可以是俗语、俚语或较长较难的句子，让学生通过翻译字幕了解一些口语中的通俗表达，同时锻炼自己的翻译能力。
电影教学步骤、程序和环节缺一不可。
其流畅的教学过程可以有效地提高学生听、说、读、写、译等多方面的语言能力。
英文电影教学存在的问题及趋势
首先，当前英文电影教学缺乏统一的教学要求，导致教师只能凭借自己的知识体系和文化知识进行课堂设计，由于缺乏统一的模板和要求，有时难免出现教学上的偏差。
其次，影视教学耗费大量课堂时间。
这与课程的紧张安排势必发生冲突，放映电影占用大量的课堂时间的问题短期内难以解决。
第三，影视教学尚无统一的测试评估体系，其学习效果的检验缺乏可操作性，很难保证学习的延续性和有效性。
根据以上情况，笔者认为英文电影教学应从以下几方面着手改进：一是建立统一的教学要求，做到有章可循，把握方法进度，避免出现偏差。
条件成熟时可撰写出版相关教材，探索英文电影在大学英语听说课程中的具体实施办法，注意事项以及相关教学内容和要求。
二是培养高素质专业化教师队伍。
英文电影教学对教师提出要求，包括全面的知识结构，较高的文学素养，专业的艺术鉴赏力，较好的计算机操作能力，高超的双语能力，并且深谙外语教学理论，运用教育心理学上好英语电影教学课程，教会学生在欣赏电影的过程中真正掌握英语知识，培养跨文化交际能力，提高英语水平。
三是建立标准化的统一测试体系。
没有科学的测试体系就很难引导教学。
英文电影教学应立足于语言的际应用能力培养和国际交往，建立统一的测试体系，填补影视教学测试标准的空白。
结语
英文原声电影具备文化特色，贴近生活，内容丰富，能让学生接触到最地道真实的英语，因此，通过观赏原声英文电影学习英语是学习英语的极好途径，它既能够提高学生的听力和口语水平，激发学生的学习动力和热情，也能帮助学生了解西方的风俗民情和价值观，同时也能够陶冶情操，提高鉴赏力，培养跨文化交际能力，提高个人素质。
英文原声电影教学的最终目的是全面提高学生的英语综合应用能力。
因此，教师应当通过合理的教学安排和观后活动来加强学生学习的效果，通过活动将知识的输入和输出结合起来，提高学生自主学习的能力，真正发挥英文电影教学的优势。
随着教学改革步伐的加快，我们将会面临更多的挑战，必须不断开拓创新，进一步更新教学模式和理念，培养更多高素质复合型外语教学人才。
(本文作者：许晖 单位：洛阳理工学院)
【二】浅析中英文对译的'文化语境
一、要通过语言翻译将原文的民族风范进行充分的折射
语言翻译需要将原文的地理特征、宗教信仰、历史传统、价值观念等内容进行真实的反映，其中，民族风范的反映是极为重要也是极有难度的部分。
语言不仅来自于生活，而且是对生活的充分反映，既是对各国与各民族智慧的总结，也是对各国与各民族精髓的表达。
翻译则是通过对语言的应用实现不同语言之间意义的共通。
这种意义的共通不仅仅是对原文的字面翻译或者简单的复制，而是对原文进行二次创作。
要想翻译出符合要求的高质量文章，首先，需要对西方文化有所了解，该了解不是简单层面的了解，而是较为全面、深入的了解；其次，要对中西方文化之间的差异有所了解，只有在对中西方文化有所差异的基础之上才能够真正做到忠实于原文；最后，要对读者的素质和修养进行充分的考虑，要结合读者的实际文化修养进行翻译，切忌翻译出的内容与读者的修养有过大的冲突而难以满足读者的需求。
如中国的一种主要针对国外装饰市场的高档材料进入国际市场时，其说明书当中的一英文为“Ourdecoratingmaterialswillmakeafancyhouseforyou.”说明书本身的目的是想要表达“我们的装饰材料会让你的家变得像迷宫一样美丽”，
从字面意思上来看，确实是这个意思，但在现代英语当中“fancyhouse”有“妓院”的引申义，如此的错误，不仅对产品形象造成了不良的影响，而且对企业形象也会产生严重的影响。
再如“紫罗兰男装”，在中国是较为知名的品牌，而在刚进入国外市场时却不是那么理想，究其原因，问题也出在品牌翻译上。
因为“紫罗兰男装”被翻译为“pansyMen’sclothing”，这个翻译在字面上来看仍是没有问题的，但与西方文化一结合就不再那么简单，因为“pansy”这个词不仅有紫罗兰的意思，而且还泛指有些女性化的男性，如此一来，就知道为什么紫罗兰男装在国际市场上无人问津了。
再如中国某厂生产的橡皮擦，品牌定位“星牌”，完整翻译后被称作“starRubber”，对这一产品进行翻译的过程当中，译者的问题主要出在对“rubber”一词的理解，该词在英文当中不仅有“橡皮擦”的意思，而且还有“避孕套”的意思，所以在译者看来并没有问题的翻译到了国外却无法让人接受，更不要说产品的销量了。
此外，“象”、“孔雀”等词汇在中国是吉祥、如意等象征，具有十分美好的意义，而这些动物在西方则不然，甚至有着相反的效果，因此，在对含有这些词汇的名称或内容进行翻译时，要对具体的文化语境进行充分的考虑，只有如此，才能够翻译出真正合格的作品。
二、要对原文语境中所涉及的事物有正确的理解
译者在对原文进行翻译的过程当中，经常会出现这种情况，译者能够将原文当中的逻辑关系、语法结构分析得十分到位，而对原文当中出现的一些客观事物却了解的不够透彻，尤其是有着一定历史背景或与一些专业术语相关的事物。
如“Shekeepsherpigsinalargepen”这句话，该句当中的“pen”有钢笔的意思，但在这里如果将其翻译为钢笔则会造成句意不通顺，显而易见，养猪这件事情不能够在钢笔当中实现，所以这里的“pen”肯定要用其他的意思，结合语境与该词的特殊意义可�
再如“Johncanbereliedon，heeatsnofishandplaysthegame”这句话，按字面意思来看“heeatsnofishandplaysthegame”是吃鱼和玩游戏的意思，但这与“Johncanbereliedon”难以联系到一起，这就需要对该英语当中的典故有所了解，“toealfish”出自于英国伊丽莎白女王时代，那个时代的耶稣教徒为了表示对国家的忠诚与支持，对反政府的罗马天主教徒在星期五只吃鱼而不吃其他东西这一习俗进行拒绝。
所以，“toeatfish”在这里是要表达“忠诚”的意思。
三、要随着新词汇的不断丰富而逐渐提高翻译要求
随着社会的不断发展，尤其是经济与文化的不断发展，各个国家的历史、地理、政治、科学等方面都在不断的随之发展，这不仅大大丰富了词汇的数量，而且在词汇的意义上也有了更大范围的扩充，这就要求译者不仅要对中西方固有的文化进行充分的了解，
而且要求译者紧跟时代发展的步伐，对新生的词汇与词汇新生的意义也要有准确清晰的认识，只有如此，才能够将原文进行合理的翻译，才不断能够满足读者的需求。
首先，中华文化的不断丰富与发展，使得一些新的词汇产生，如上网、菜篮子工程、表哥、打工、月光族等新词汇不断产生，尤其是一些网络语言，可以说是日新月异，发展速度十分快。
其次，西方文化也在不断丰富，其具有自身特色的语言也在不断产生，再加上一些西方国家的特殊事物与西方国家的网络语言，西方语言的新生词汇同样在不断的丰富与发展，这对与译者来讲是十分具有挑战性的。
如“talkshow”这个词�
再如“cocacola”这个词，直接音译为可口可乐，当前，可口可乐在世界各国已�
五、总结随着世界经济、文化、政治的不断发展，跨文化翻译活动日益重要，高质量的翻译是世界了解与发展的基础，只有在高质量翻译的情况下，世界不同文化背景的国家才能够实现经济、政治、文化等多方面的交流与互助。
所以，在进行翻译活动过程当中，要尤其注意文化语境对中英文翻译的影响，要在对各国文化进行充分了解的基础之上去进行翻译，只有如此，才能够翻译出真正高质量的内容。
英文论文提纲范文样本【1】
introduction………………………………………………………………1
1.the common historical background……………………………………1
1.1 international………………………………………………………1
1.2 national…………………………………………………………1
2.the common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
2.1 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
2.1.1 beats in literature………………………………………………2
2.1.2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3
2.2 ideologies in between……………………………………………4
2.2.1 beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
2.2.2 their same destiny……………………………………………4
2.2.3 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
2.3 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
2.3.1 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
2.3.2 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
3.their identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
3.1 bohemian…………………………………………………………7
3.1.1 beats…………………………………………………………7
3.1.2 rockers………………………………………………………7
3.2 madness…………………………………………………………8
3.2.1 the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
3.2.2 rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
3.3 self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
3.3.1 drugs…………………………………………………………9
3.3.2 homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
4.1 beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
4.2 rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
论文提纲格式【2】
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文：
(1)引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。
引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义， 并指出论文写作的范围。
引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
〈2)论文正文：正文是论文的`主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。
主体部分包括以下内容：
a.提出-论点；
b.分析问题-论据和论证；
c.解决问题-论证与步骤；
d.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。
参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。
中文：标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息
所列参考文献的要求是：
(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。
(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
论文提纲也可以用最简单的格式和分类，简单明了地说明论文的目的、依据和意义，甚至是两句话。
这种提纲往往是用于科学论文，而且在对于各种概念有相互联系而不是孤立的出来讨论的情况下。
如果总要分出1、2、3......点来写的话，往往会变成“八股文”的模式，这样的论文往往是应付式的论文，其真正的科学价值会大打折扣。
书写提纲注意要点【3】
一、周密思考，慎重落笔
论文是一项“系统工程”，在正式动笔之前，要对文章进行通盘思考，检查一下各项准备工作是否已完全就绪。
首先，要明确主题。
主题是文章的统帅，动笔之前必须想得到十分清楚。
清人刘熙载说：“凡作一篇文，其用意俱可以一言蔽之。
扩之则为千万言，约之则为一言，所谓主脑者是也。
”(《艺概》)作者要想一想，自己文章的主题能否用一句话来概括。
主题不明，是绝对不能动手写文的。
其次，是理清思路。
思路是人订]思想前进的脉络、轨道，是结构的内在依据。
动笔之前，对怎样提出问题，怎样分析问题，怎样解决问题，以及使用哪些材料等，都要想清楚。
第三，立定格局。
所谓“格局”，就是全文的间架、大纲、轮廓。
在动笔之前先把它想好“立定”，如全文分几部分，各有哪些层次，先说什么，后说什么，哪里该详，哪里该略，从头至尾都应有个大致的设想。
第四，把需要的材料准备好，将各种事实、数据、引文等找来放在手头，以免到用时再去寻找，打断思路。
第五，安排好写作时间、地点。
写作要有相对集中的时间，比较安静的环境，才能集中精力专心致志地完成毕业论文写作任务。
古人说：“袖手于前，方能疾书于后。
”鲁迅也曾说，静观默察，烂熟于心；凝神结想，一挥而就。
做好了充分的准备，写起来就会很快。
有的人不重视写作前的准备，对所写的对象只有一点粗浅的认识就急于动笔，在写作过程中“边施工边设计”，弄得次序颠倒，手忙脚乱，或做或掇，时断时续，结果反而进展缓慢。
所以，在起草之前要周密思考，慎重落笔。
二、一气呵成，不重“小节”
在动笔之前要做好充分的准备，一旦下笔之后，则要坚持不懈地一口气写下去，务必在最短时间内拿出初稿。
这是许多文章家的写作诀窍。
有的人写文章喜欢咬文嚼字，边写边琢磨词句，遇到想不起的字也要停下来查半天字典。
这样写法，很容易把思路打断。
其实，初稿不妨粗一些，材料或文字方面存在某些缺陷，只要无关大局。
暂时不必去改动它，等到全部初稿写成后，再来加工不迟。
鲁迅就是这样做的，他在《致叶紫》的信中说：
先前那样十步九回头的作文法，是很不对的，这就是在不断的不相信自己--结果一定做不成。
以后应该立定格局之后，一直写下去，不管修辞，也不要回头看。
Abstract
Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other partys culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.
Key words: culture cultural difference business negotiation impact
Contents
1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
1.1 The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4
1.2 The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4
1.2.1 Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4
1.2.2 Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4
1.2.3 Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4
1.2.4 Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4
1.2.5 Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4
1.2.6 The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5
1.3 Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
2.1 Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
2.2 Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
2.3 Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
2.3.1 Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
2.3.2 Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8
2.3.3 Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8
2.3.4 Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8
3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9
3.1 To learn more about the former in the negotiations of the cultural differences that may arise………...…………………..……………….…..9
3.2 In the negotiations necessary to correctly handle the cultural differences………………………………………………………………...9
3.3 Negotiations to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences…………...…………………………………………......……10
4. References…………………...………….………………………….……....11
Business negotiation in interpersonal relationships as a special form, relate to different geographical, ethnic, social and cultural exchanges and contacts, which have taken place in cross-cultural negotiations. In cross-cultural negotiations, the different geographical, ethnic, cultural differences will affect the thinking of those negotiations, the negotiation style and behavior, thus affecting the entire negotiation process. Therefore, to engage in business activities, especially for the cross-border business activities must understand and master the links between different cultures and differences. Conducting negotiations with the organization, also have to understand that cultural differences impact on the negotiations, only the face of such a positive impact on the desired objectives can be achieved.
1. Cultural differences
1.1 the definition of culture
National culture is a country-specific concepts and value systems, which constitute the concept of peoples lives and work behavior. The nations of the world as a result of specific historical and geographical and gradually formed its own unique cultural traditions and cultural patterns. As the difference of Chinese and Western traditional customs, values, religious beliefs , different ways of thinking, etc, making the different performance of Chinese and Western cultures.
1.2 the causes of cultural differences
Cultural diversity caused by many reasons, To sum up, the main source of cultural differences are in the following areas:
1.2.1 geographical differences
Refers to the geographical differences in different geographic regions due to the geographical environment, the level of economic development and traditional differences in habits, people often have different language, lifestyle and hobbies. And these will affect their behavior. For example, the West and the American people in some countries treat Christmas important, but in areas such as near the equator do not have snow all the year round, the people of some African countries may not have the concept of Christmas because the best modified Christmas is snow, as to the people in the region that are not long-term snow ,there is little concentration of Christmas than American States.
1.2.2 national differences
Ethnic differences is the different ethnic groups in the development of long-term process, the formation of their own language, customs and preferences, habits. Their diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life of their own characteristics. Take the history of our country and our Hun Han, the Xiongnu people are valiant, characteristics of typical nomads. And we tame the Han character, the typical characteristics of farming nation. Which led to the Huns in the diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life are different with Han.
1.2.3 the political differences
Political differences are due to the political system and the policies and regulations on peoples behavior with the role of a standardized, so that all peoples in the political aspects on the concept of the existence are differences. Take the United States and France as example, the United States by the Constitution the powers of the President of the severe restrictions on the two major powers with other institutions of Congress and the Supreme Court of strong constraints. While France also had to set was ready to royalist restoration of the monarchy of the Third Republic to amend the Constitution a little further expand the powers of the president.
1.2.4 economic disparities
Economic differences are result of the economic factors of a reflection of cultural differences. For example, the people in the Western developed countries are rich lives and high level of education, people will pay more attention to the quality of life, security means more generally. And economic backwardness of the Third World, people care more about food and clothing.
1.2.5 religious differences
Religion is the development of human society to a certain stage of historical phenomenon, Religion has its own (Catholic) Major epidemic in Western Europe and South American; Islam is the scope of the whole of the Middle East and North Africa. Buddhism is more prevalent in Asian countries. The world has three major religions: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is major epidemic in Northern Europe, North America and Australia; people in many parts of Asia believe in Buddhist. Different religions have different cultural tendencies and precepts, which affect the way of people understand things, codes of conduct and values.
1.2.6 the concept of Values difference
Values are means of objective evaluation criteria of things. It includes the concept of time, wealth, the attitude towards life, the attitude to risk and so on. Different societies’ people to the same things and problems will come to different and even opposite conclusions.
Geographical differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and differences in concepts have the impact on peoples penetration in the food, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life in all its aspects. Thus affecting peoples behavior, values, religious beliefs and modes of thought have a lot of difference, Finally has formed the various countries and areas of cultural differences.
1.3 cultural differences on the importance of international business negotiations
Practice in the negotiations, many negotiators often do not understand, or took note of the cultural importance of the significant impact on negotiations. Negotiating parties for foreign culture, some negotiators may have noticed some of the other negotiations, “different” or “hard to understand” the concrete manifestation of negotiations, but that is not important. Some people blindly believe that negotiation is the use of foreign-related facts and figures to speak, and the facts and data are common. Similarly, some foreign countries’ negotiators to negotiations with each other to maintain harmonious relations, they will notice the similarities between both cultures, while ignoring their differences. Lets look at an example.
In 1992, negotiators from China and other 12 experts of different professions to form a delegation to the United States purchases about 30 million U.S. dollars of chemical equipment and technology. The US naturally does everything possible to satisfy them. One of them is negotiations in the first round of the delegation sent to each of them a small souvenir. The Souvenirs packaging is very particular is a beautiful red box, red for advanced. But when the delegation was pleased to open the box when face-to-face in accordance with the Americans, Everyones face appears very not the nature actually--there is a golf cap, but the color is green. American businessmans intention is: after signing the contract, and everyone to play golf. But they don’t know the “be a cuckold” is the biggest taboo in Chinese men. Finally the delegation did not sign the contract, not because the Americans “insult” people, but because they work careless, and even don’t know the common sense that Chinese men taboo “be a cuckold”。 How can we feel free to tens of millions of dollars project to them? It can be seen that the failure of the Americans negotiation is due to they do not understand the Chinese culture.
From the above examples, we can learn in business negotiations, if we do not attach importance to each others cultural differences, the negotiations are likely to lead to failure.
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations
The impact of culture on negotiations is extensive and profound, and different cultures will naturally divided people into different groups, this region, the difference between their respective groups are bringing people of different cultural groups tend to alienate each other; On the other hand, different cultural communication and exchanges between people are also obstacles. Therefore, the requirements of the negotiators to accept each others culture, but also by cultural differences, unmistakably reveals that the purpose of understanding of each others behavior, and they have been accepted by the other party, and ultimately reach a consensus agreement.
Overall, the impact on culture negotiations are in following several aspects:
2.1 the communication process
Cultural differences on the communication process of the negotiations, first of all is the performance of the communication language in the negotiation process. Language is a bridge of any country, any region and any nation. States companies, individuals to conduct business negotiations, we must first have the language to this. The differences language of international business activities is the most direct and clear. Such as Chinas “white elephant” brand batteries, to the English “White Elephant” it would cause bad associations.
Because the “White Elephant” In addition to the name of animals that have two meanings: “The owner did not use, but may be useful to others; do not reuse things.” Solve the language problem is very simple, you can hire a translator or use a common third language to talk. While the negotiators of the language used in a variety of cultures with higher fitness, but no matter what, the difference is obvious. Such as Japan, Brazil and France Culture, the Japanese style of business communication is the most polite, more positive commitment to the use of recommended and guarantees, and less use of threats, commands and warnings of freedom of speech, their manners of speech style, The most prominent is that they do not often use “no”, “you” and facial gaze, but to maintain a period of silence; Brazilian businessmen to use “no” and “you” at the higher frequency, their negotiation style seems more presumptuous, and it seems not lonely in the negotiations, to gaze at each other and touch each other from time to time; French businessmen negotiating style is all the most presumptuous, in particular, their use of threats and warnings at the highest frequency, in addition, they are still very frequent use of interrupted, facial gaze, as well as “no” and “you”。 It can be seen, only to clarify these differences that can avoid the reticent Japanese, Brazilian over enthusiasm or the French’s misunderstanding of the threat, which achieved the success of international business negotiations.
Cultural differences impact on the negotiation process not only in the process of language communication, but also in the process of non-verbal communication. Cultural differences will lead to different countries or regions in the body language of negotiations, the use of action language significantly different, or even the same language of action is diametrically opposed to the transfer of information. For example, the vast majority of countries are in favor of nod his head for agree. But in India, Nepal and other countries that are certainly shaking his head, that is, shaking his head and smiling, that is positive meaning, some people just do it diagonally on the rise is still a good way, some people are a population frequency said “You are right! You are right!” but a continuously shaking his head, often make others do not know its true psychological and full of doubt. But negotiators shape, movement, language, awareness and use of the differences, also create an obstacle for the negotiations in communication.
Cultural differences also can lead to the negotiators of the differences in communication. People of different cultures have their preferences and habits of communication and cross-cultural negotiations in the negotiating parties often belong to different cultures, have their own customary means of communication. Accustomed to different means of communication between the parties to conduct a more depth in communication, often cause a wide range of issues. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators and those from countries with low culture of the negotiators may be in different ways of expression during the negotiation process. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators may be chosen euphemism, indirect ways to express their meaning. While from low culture of the negotiators preference for using oral expression to negotiate, direct or receive a clear message, straightforward means to express themselves. These two negotiators from different cultures during the negotiations, the party think the other side is often too rough, while the other may think that the other side lack of good faith in negotiations, or misunderstanding the silence of each others conditions for its approval.
2.2 the negotiation style
The negotiation style is the main bearing and the attitude which displays in the negotiations activities. the style of negotiations in the course of negotiators’ behavior, conduct and control of the negotiation process of the method and means. Negotiators negotiations Style with a deep cultural stigma. Culture not only determines the Ethics Code of Ethics for negotiators, but also affects the way of thinking negotiators’ behavior and personality, so that make the negotiators of different cultural backgrounds form a very different style of negotiation. Negotiating style of the negotiation process for the negotiations between the two sides approach the relationship, contacts, and even the structure of the negotiations has a direct impact.
Adhere to cultural differences, negotiating styles can be divided into two types: the negotiation style of Oriental and Western style negotiations. Oriental style is based on negotiations as the background of oriental culture of Asian countries negotiation styles, with Japan, South Korea for a typical representative:
Japanese business men are conservative, attention to status-oriented, credit and the initial cooperation, co-dependent relationship between stress and good at negotiating. Japanese attached great importance to the negotiations in the transaction to establish harmonious interpersonal relationships. If there had been contacts with Japanese, before the negotiations should be recall the past exchanges and friendship between the two sides, which will be beneficial to the next negotiations. They did not support and habit the direct, purely commercial activities. If it is the first time to establish trade relations with Japanese, the party responsible for higher status in charge visits in opposite party enterprise at the same level status person in charge is extremely important, it attached great importance to Japanese companies and the trading relationship with you. When negotiations with Japan, it’s the best to send staff rank and status at high-level than the other side. This will facilitate the conduct of the talks. It should also be noted that Japanese womens status in society is lower, generally they not allowed to participate in the operation and management of large companies activities, the Japanese are also in a number of important occasions of non-female. Therefore, when encountered formal negotiations generally not appropriate to allow women to participate in, or else they may be skeptical, and even expressed dissatisfaction.
Korean character stubborn, often stuck to their own views in the negotiations and will not easily compromise. In this case we must grasp the strategy, it is necessary to adhere to argue, but also common sense to master a certain sense of propriety, and sometimes also need to be patient. On the other hand, South Korea in the negotiations seldom to express the views directly, often need the other side to try to figure out, in order to accurately understand the meaning of each other, South Korea may ask the same question repeatedly, so that when making decisions to ensure the correctness. And South Korea signed a contract does not mean that their success will not be changed, for other reasons they would seek to amend or re-start negotiations with you.
Western-type style of negotiation is based on Western culture of Europe and the United States as the background style of negotiations. The main representatives are the United States and United Kingdom.
Americans often talk about “Business is Business” (business to the business) means doing business need to not recognize ones own closest relatives, insist on the principle of things not for people. “Time is money”, “money is everything” is the unswerving credo of American. Their business activities is often straightforward, be anxious for success, business came straight to the point, they always picking up the phone to talk, sit down and get straight to the point, They calculate the progress by the hour and the number of days, their opponents often feel pressure from them. American businessmen do not like the use an agent or participate in negotiations with the consultant, give others the impression that they can say on behalf of the company. They like to sit down to do business immediately. In addition, the United States businessmen attached great importance to economic benefits, they have a slang called: “Bang for Buck”, that is, with minimum capital investment to obtain the greatest benefit.
British merchants engaged in commercial activities pay more attention to informal traders than other countries in the world, but also more conservative. Even today, the world has entered the electronic information age, in the UK by telephone to talk about business is unacceptable. British businessmen are more willing to make full preparations in advance, and then face-to-face talks. As long as they do not believe that the details of a settlement will not solve, they will never sign, all must have to do as rule. As a result of the British very great importance to the position, the title is also very important to them. Therefore, the selection status of the person as a broker of highly influential business, political forces and the role of trade unions in the business also can not be neglected.
Of course, it also must pay attention to the actual negotiations process, although the same cultural background of the negotiators, the talks there was a clear difference, but subject to sub-culture, as well as other factors, the same cultural background of individual negotiators, the negotiations style can be very different.
2.3 Cultural values
Cultural values is measure the consequences of peoples behavior and standards. They affecting the way of people understanding the problems and will give rise to a strong emotional impact. In different cultures, values will be very different. Culture in a very appropriate behavior in another culture may be seen as immoral. For example, Americans believe that nepotism is immoral, however it as an obligation at the majority of Latin American culture. Therefore, the Understanding of a certain society in popular as well as these ideas in the personal behavior the degree which respects is very important. Our discussions here will focus on those activities is essential to understand the socio-economic values, more specifically, is these for promote the cross-cultural communicative competence and the values is worth noting.
2.3.1 Ethics
China has heavier ethics. “Acquaintance” and “relationship” has its own special meaning and significance, once the relations have been established, the two sides have become acquaintances or friends, and generous concessions to help the situation appear, and the degree of trust and tolerance will be improved, so the Chinese people have more oral agreement. Americans is not the case, they do not pay attention to cultivating the feelings of both sides, and attempts to separate business and friendship. To deal with the problem, often used the legal means, lawyers come forward to solve the problem is common, it is flexible and not rigid, we should clearly recognize this point. However, once sign the contract, they are very much focused on the legal contract, the performance of the contract is higher. The Chinese delegation to the West, maybe a long time no one could entertain, and this misunderstanding of the people are not interested in their visit; Europeans come to China, No matter what they do may find that there are people who accompanied, and this misunderstanding of the people lack of trust in them. Of foreign visitors, a senior care too much, not to mention dinner, often mistakenly believe that this expressed his companys products or have a preference, this in fact is the Chinese hospitality, This can lead to subsequent disappointment, and even complain.
2.3.2group awareness
In the course of the Chinese and Western cultural traditions and different cultural values, on the negotiations issues tend to have a confrontation or misunderstanding. Chinas national character has a very remarkable phenomenon, that is Settles on the face or the dignity. At the negotiating table, if make a choice from “decent” and “interest”, both the Chinese people will often choose to “decent.” Why do the Chinese people want to save face at all costs? Because of the ideological core of Chinese culture is a group consciousness. In accordance with the sense that each one is not a separate person, but living in a certain social relations, and no face will not the face of others, there is no face on the people and will not be able to live in the social and group life, and may even be abandoned by society and the groups. But not like Westerners, they value the interests of negotiations, they will not hesitate to choose interest from “decent” and “interest” of the two. Chinese people regarding negotiations result whether can bring honor for their face, looks extremely important, as well as some Western negotiators in their works cautioned China in the talks, we must note that use of Chinas national character. It is clear that only a correct understanding and properly grasp the existence of Chinese and Western differences in national character, can effectively help us in a timely manner to correct our own shortcomings and strengthen our own advantages and use of others shortcomings to collapse of others strengths.
2.3.3 the concept of collective
Chinas concept of collective a stronger emphasis on collective responsibility, Therefore the negotiations pattern basically is the collective, but to make the final decisions are a decisive one, and even the decisive one simply has not entered the stage. This is known as the cultural experts of “high from the right to culture”, in the event of difficult issues more complicated, the negotiators on the difficult decisions; and the Western culture of Jurists which was referred to as “low from the right to culture”, on the surface is one or two people out, negotiators have been given the appropriate permissions, or assisted in its decision-making think-tank, which in the negotiations, the sole responsibility of the negotiations were heavier, higher and more flexible.
2.3.4 the concept of time
Concept of time and how it decided the peoples action plan for international business negotiations has a broad impact of the invisible. The daily negotiations behavior manifests observes the difference aspect of time may be is the most obvious results of the performance. Jewish businessmen attached great importance of time. They always believe that time is not money, time and goods, is the capital to make money. Money can borrow, but time can not be borrowed, the time is more valuable than money. A wealthy Jewish income of 200,000 US dollars monthly have been considered such an account: his daily wage is 8 1000 U.S dollars, then about 17 U.S. dollars per minute. If he had been disturbed and waste 5 minutes, then is the equivalent of stolen 85 U.S. dollars in cash. Strong concept of time improved the efficiency of the Jews, they are often at work in seconds and every second counts. On the Jewish people, never appear leave early, late, or to stall for time and so on. In the business activities of the Jews “Uninvited guest” is almost as the same as the “unwelcome person”, because uninvited guests will disrupt the timing of the original, and waste everybodys time. For the time extremely mean of the Jewish, in the time to discuss the concept of time is stronger. Before Jews in the negotiations, the time must have been agreement. They agreed not only in a certain period of a day, but also appointment “from the starting points to a few minutes to talk about.” During the meeting, in addition to polite greetings outside, the Jews immediately to discuss business, this is have good manners and good performance, at the same time that mean respect of each other.
3. how to deal with the cultural differences on international business negotiations
Only recognize and accommodate cultural differences can take the whole process of negotiations in response to countermeasures, including before the negotiations that may arise cultural differences, correctly handle the cultural differences on negotiations, do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations.
3.1 before the negotiations to understand the cultural differences that may arise
It is essential to understand cultural differences before negotiations. Preparatory work for negotiations include: the background of negotiations and assessment of the situation, to verify the fact the negotiation process, the agenda, the best strategy options and concessions. The background of the negotiations also include the location, site layout, bargaining unit, the Senate on the number of listeners, the channels of communication and the time limit of negotiations. All these preparations must be taken into account possible of cultural differences. For example, the venue layout of cultural differences may have a slightly affected of the cooperation. In the culture of heavier hierarchy, if the room arrangement improper, more casually, it could lead to anxiety and even anger of the other side.
In addition, negotiations styles are due to culture differences. American culture tend to work together “to finalize an agreement”; and Japanese culture likes to talk with everyone separately, if everyone agrees, then arranges a broader scope discussion; the Russian people like a total approach, and one to talk about to settle an agreement, and then the front of the two parties invite a third party, so continue.
Time limit for the control of the negotiations is also very important. Different cultures have different concepts of time. Such as North America, the concept of time is a strong culture, for Americans, time is money. The culture of the Middle East and Latin America was relatively weak concept of time, in their view, time should be enjoyed. Thus, in international business negotiations, the concept of time differences should be prepared.
3.2 correct handling of cultural differences in the negotiations
First of all, the choice of language and use in the negotiations, for the Western countries, we must take the exchange-oriented approach, as simple clear as possible, and frank expression of his own ideas, not ambiguous and vague. For example, Americans like argued, language has a confrontational, drastic tone, they think that argued not only the right to express his personal views, but also conducive to problem-solving, divergent points of view will not affect the interpersonal relationships. In the oriental culture, in order to preserve the face sides of others, the face groups or other peoples face, frequent use of ambiguous and indirect language. Even if they disagree with others views, its rare to be rejected or refuted directly, but rather tortuous statement of his views, or to show embarrassment. The values of “Harmony” is the Chinese people to create an atmosphere of harmony as an important means of negotiations, in the negotiating process, they try to avoid friction, and friendship first, they pursued by a permanent long-term friendship and cooperation.
Secondly, the method in the negotiations, to the United States as an example, as a result of the Oriental mode of thinking is the overall orientation, their use in the negotiations is that from the overall to local, descending from general to specific, that is, first reach a consensus of general principles, and then use this to guide specific programs to solve the problem. They do not have an obvious sequence of points, usually until the end of the negotiations, all issues will be made in concessions and commitments in order to reach an agreement. Due to the impact mode of thinking, Westerners analysis the most important things in their logical relationship between the re-specific than the whole, at the beginning of negotiations, they hurry to talk about the specific terms. Therefore, we often resolve the price, delivery, warranties and service contracts and other issues at times, solve each problem, there are concessions and commitments from start to finish, the final agreement is the sum of a series small agreements.
3.3 to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations
Related to contract management and follow-up to the exchange of management behavior after negotiations, first as contract, in which the relationship between people-oriented countries such as China, to resolve their disputes often do not rely solely on the legal system, and often rely on the two sides relations. In these cultures, a written contract is very short, it mainly used to describe the respective responsibilities of business partners. Western countries such as the American culture, they generally will regard the contract signing ceremony as not only a waste of time but also a waste of money, so the contract is often signed by send mail. Exchange on the follow-up, the American cultural emphasis on the “distinction between people and things”, so they did not pay attention to follow-up exchanges. Oriental culture in countries such as Japan, keep the majority of the follow-up of foreign exchange customers as international business was an important part of the negotiations. They signed the contract after a long time, they will also carry out as letters, pictures, and exchange visits.
The above analysis of the cultural differences and their impact on international business negotiations, any business men engaged in cross-cultural activities should be highly priority. A cultural difference is an objective reality, the attitude of individuals or groups tend to determine the role of cultural differences, it can exaggerate the cultural differences and also reduce the barrier which causes the cultural difference to the lowest point. People in cross-cultural business negotiations, if able to overcome cultural barriers, to understand, do as the Romans do, learning to stand on other peoples point to think, that we can promote mutual understanding and work together to adapt the two sides and create an economic and cultural environment, so that we can success.
4. References
[1]Cao Ling editor: “Business English negotiations,” Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,
[2]Xie Xiaoying editor: “Business English negotiations”, China Business Press,
[3]Qiu Gejia,Yang Guojun editor: “win-win negotiations of modern business English”, China International Radio Press,
[4]Weng Fengxiang edited: “An Introduction to International Business”, Tsinghua University Press / Beijing Jiao tong University Press, 2006
[5]William Hampton with: “Jewish businessmen in business start-up experience and wisdom,” translated Zheng Ping, Harbin Publishing House,