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第3部分：概况大意与完成句子
First Image-recognitions software
1) Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.
2)The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm(运算法则)for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel(像素)data in images and potentially video―rather than just text―to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned(收集)from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions(图片说明),making for more accurate document search results.
3)“Over the last 30 years,” says Associate Professor Korenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study,” the web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia datastet, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures of videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately get the gist(主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engine, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Wed pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search.”
4)The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system―a type of artificialintelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed― that extracts semantic(语义的)information from pixels of photos in Web pages. This informationg is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries(查询)on a database of 50 million Wed pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found tht this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.
23. Paragraph 1 _____
24. Paragraph 2 _____
25. Paragraph 3 _____
26 Paragraph 4 _____
A. Popularity of the new system
B. Publication of the new discovery
C .Function of the new system
D. Artificial intelligence software created
E. Problems of the existing search engines
F .Improvement in document retrieval
27. The new system does document retrieval by _____.
28. The new system is expected to improve precision in _____.
29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _____.
30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the _____.
A. information in images
B. current popular search engines
C. using photos
D. machine vision systems
E. document search
F. description of the HTML page
When I was in my teens(十几岁)and 20s,hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers (51) me all over Europe, North America, Asia and southern Africa. Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality (52) the road.
Not only did you find out much more about a country than (53) traveling by train or plane, but also there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night. Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture. It has books and songs about it. So what has happened to (54) ?
A few years ago, I asked the same question about hitchhiking in a column on a newspaper. (55) of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking.
If there is a hitchhikers (56) it must be Iran, came one reply. Rural Ireland was recommended as a friendly place for hitchhiking, (57) was Quebec, Canada-if you dont mind being berated(严厉指责)for not speaking French.
But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in many parts of the world, the (58) feeling was that throughout much of the west it was doomed(消亡). With so much news about crime in the media, people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger .But do we (59) to be so wary both to hitchhike and to give a lift?
1.职称英语《综合类》B级完形填空练习题
2.职称英语综合类B级完形填空练习
3.职称英语综合类B级补全短文练习题
4.20职称英语综合类B级完形填空题库
5.职称英语综合类完形填空练习题及答案
6.职称英语综合类完形填空练习及答案
7.职称英语综合C级练习
8.职称英语综合类B级考试补全短文练习题
9.职称英语综合类B级考试补全短文专项练习试题
10.关于职称英语综合类B级补全短文练习题
第三篇 Dangers await babies with altitude
Women who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.
Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished ― many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.
To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and . The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.
Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. “We were very surprised by this result,” says Giussani.
The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. “This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child,” says Giussani.
His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.
Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary(冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.
41. What does the new study discover?
A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.
B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.
C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.
D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.
42. Giussani and his team are sure that _____.
A. babies born in Lance Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz.
B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies.
C. the birth weight of babies born to wealthy families is Santa Cruz.
D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished.
43. It can be inferred from what Giussani says in Paragraph 4 that_____.
A. the finding was unexpected
B. he was very tired.
C. the study took longer than expected.
D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz.
44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underweight babies is _____.
A. lack of certain nutrition.
B. power of their mother.
C. different family backgrounds.
D. reduction of oxygen levels.
45. It can be learned about form the paragraph that_____.
A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life.
B. under-weight babies have a shorter life span.
C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth.
D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies.
第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)
Saving a City's Public Art
Avoiding traffic jams in Los Angeles may be impossible, but the city's colorful freeway murals(壁画)can brighten even the worst commute. Paintings that depict(描述)famous people and historical scenes cover office buildings and freeway walls all access the city. With a collection of more than 2,000 murals, Los Angeles is the unofficial mural capital of the world.
But the combination of graffiti(涂鸦), pollution, and hot sun has left many L.A. murals in terrible condition. _____(46)in the past, experts say, little attention was given to caring for public art. Artists were even expected to maintain their own works, not an easy task with cars racing by along the freeway.
_____(47)The work started in . So far, 16 walls have been selected and more may be added later.
Until about 1960, public murals in Los Angeles were rare. But in the 1960s and 1970s, young L.A. artists began to study early 20th-century Mexican mural painting_____(48)
The most famous mural in the city is Judith Baca's “The Great Wall,” a 13-foot-high(4-meter-high)painting that runs for half a mile (0.8 kilometer) in North Hollywood, _____(49)it took eight years to complete―400 underprivileged teenagers painted the designs―and is probably the longest mural in the world.
One of the murals that will be restored now is Kent Twitchell's “Seventh Street Altarpiece.” which he painted for the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984. _____ (50) Twitchell said, “it was meant as a kind of gateway through which the traveler to L.A. must drive. The open hands represent peace.”
Artists often call murals the people's art. Along a busy freeway or hidden in a quiet neighborhood, murals can teach people who would never pay money to see fine art in a museum, “Murals give a voice to the silent majority,” said one artist.
A. The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted over some of the murals complete.
B. This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.
C. Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artists.
D. Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore the city's murals.
E. The mural represents the history of ethnic groups in California.
F .Soon, their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for L.A.'s cultural diversity.
第6部分：完形填空
I'll Be Bach
Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can't _____(51)the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.
It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having _____(52)thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not_____(53)to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers, brains_____(54)like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take_____(55)the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is_____(56). According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.
Cope built a_____(57)database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data_____(58)it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the_____(59)into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren't good, but it was a start.
Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could_____(60)more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work to the database.
A few years later, Cope's computer program, called “Emmy”, was ready to help him with his opera. The_____(61)required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the_____(62)that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great_____(63)! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly_____(64)he had composed the work.
Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music, _____(65)she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!
51. A. Make B. tell C. Take D. understand
52. A. trouble B. time C. Fear D. pleasure
53. A. Loud B .peaceful C. classic D. easy
54. A. Feel B. look C. sound D .work
55. A.in B.at C. with D. out
56. A. added B .left C. created D .released
57. A .Small B. huge C .Simple D. colorful
58.A. cut B. drop C. broke D. turned
59.A .parts B. programs C. ideas D .pieces
60. A. play B. hear C. collect D. analyze
61. A .stage B. process C. period D. application
62. A. ones B. cases C. others D. sides
63. A. loss B. end C. success D. rush
64 A .when B. how C. what D. why
65. A. but B. until C.so D .because
Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead.
“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition(营养不良)and poverty.” he said.
Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation(贫瘠化)and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world’s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world’s population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there’ll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in , similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia.
The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.
He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs(有用的副产品)for Mexico, China or India.
“Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently.” Dr. Fischer said.
Yields of rice, wheat ad maize(玉米)havegrown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you’re going to have to increase yield.” Dr. Fischer said.
36. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Shortage of food supplies.
B. Development of agricultural technologies.
C. Impact of agricultural research.
D. Expectation of population growth.
37. Which of the following statements is true about the world’s agricultural research funding?
A. It is increasing among developed countries.
B. It is decreasing worldwide.
C. Less is demanded from developing countries.
D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.
38. What is the picture of Asia’s food supplies in the first 25 years?
A. Food shortage will not be a problem
B. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.
C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.
D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.
39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies? Dr Fischer
A. They are costly.
B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.
C. Their application is limited.
D. They have to be applied locally.
40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.
A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities.
B. crop production is growing faster in developing countries.
C. maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.
D. technologies improving maize production have been well developed.
31. what is the main idea of the first paragraph?
a. the haute couture business is expanding quickly.
b. the haute couture designers make much profit in their sales.
c. the haute couture businessmen are happy with their profit.
d. the haute couture designers claim losses in their sales.
32. according to the second paragraph, jean-louis scherrer
a. was in a worse financial position than other couturiers.
b. was very angry as he was losing money.
c. was one of the best-know couturiers.
d. stopped producing haute couture dresses.
33. the writer says that the outfit jean-louis scherrer described
a. was worth the price that was paid for it.
b. cost more to make than it should have.
c. was never sold to anyone.
d. should have cost the customer than it did.
34. the writer says in paragraph 4 that there is disagreement over
a. the history of haute couture.
b. the future of haute couture.
c. the real costs of haute couture.
d. the changes that need to be made in haute couture.
35. what is the writer’s tone toward haute couture business?
a. somewhat ironical
b. quite supportive.
c. fairly friendly.
d. rather indifferent.
第二篇
on the trial of the honey badger
on a recent field trip to the kalahari desert, a team of researchers learn a lot more about honey badgers. the team employed a local wildlife expert kitso khama to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behavior as discreetly(谨慎地) as possible without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. they also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even khama was reluctant to do.
“the problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. if they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. they’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious(凶恶的). fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”
the research confirmed many things that were already known. as expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. the researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. preciously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey(猎物). the team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. they were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fact that female badgers never socialized with each other.
following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, ther are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
as the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity―or sudden aggression. the badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, to normal. it also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seemed to badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
36. why did the wild life experts visit the kalahari desert?
a. to find where honey badgers live.
b. to catch some honey badgers for food.
c. to observe how honey badgers behave.
d. to find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
37. what does kitso khama say about honey badgers?
a. they are always looking for food.
b. they do not enjoy human company.
c. they show interest in things they are not familiar with.
d. it is common for them to attack people.
38. what did the team find out about honey badgers?
a. there were some creatures they did not eat.
b. they were afraid of poisonous creatures.
3 another way to reduce rush―hour traffic is for employers to implement flextime，which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour.those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing can also allow more staff to telecommute(work from home)so as to keep more cars off the road altogether.
4 some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads，especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets.but such techniques do not really keep cars off the road;they only accommodate more of them.
5 other, more forward―thinking，planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day，and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment.for this reason, the american government has decided to spend some$7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public-transport systems and upgrade them with more efficient technologies.but environmentalists complain that such funding is tiny compared with the$50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.
23.paragraph 1____
24.paragraph 2____
25.paragraph 3 ____
26.paragraph 4____
a.not doing enough
b.a global problem
c.changing work practice
d.a solution which is no solution
e.paying to get in
f.closing city centres to traffic
27. most american drivers think it convenient to______
28. if charged high enough, some drivers may______ to enter certain parts of town.
29. building more roads is not an effective way to______
30. the u. s. government has planned to ______ updating public-transport systems.
a.go by bus
b.encourage more private cars
c.drive around
d.spend more money
e.reduce traffic jams
f.travel regularly
第4部分：阅读理解(第31~45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内�
第一篇
making a loss is the height of fashion
given that a good year in the haute couture(高级定制女装)business is one where you lose even more money than usual, the prevailing mood in paris last week was sensational.the big-name designers were faiiing over themselves to boast of how many outfits they had sold at below cost price，and how this proved that the fashion business was healthier than ever.jean―paul gaultier reported record sales。“but we don’t make any money out of it，’，t the designer assured journalists backstage.“no maker how successful you are，you can’t make a profit from couture，”explained jean―jacques picart, a veteran fashion pr man，and co―founder of the now―bankrupt lacroix house.
almost 20 years have passed since the unusual economics of the couture business were first exposed.outraged that he was losing money on evening dresses costing tens of thousands of pounds，the couturier jean-louis scherrer published of his outfit he described curtained over half a mile of gold thread，1 8，000sequins(亮片)，and had required hundreds of hours of hand―stitching in an atelier(制作室).a fair price would have been~50，000，but the couturier could only get~35。000 for it.rather than riding high on the foolishness of the super―rich，he and his team could barely
feed their hungry families.
the result was an outcry and the first of a series of government-and industry―sponsored inquiries into the surreal(超现实的)world of ultimate fashion.the trade continues to insist that couture offers you more than you pay for，but it’s not as simple as that.when such a temple of old wealth starts talking about value for money。it isn’t to convince anyone that dresses costing as much as houses are a bargain.rather，it is to preserve the peculiar mystique(神秘)，lucrative(利润丰厚的)associations and
threatened interests that couture represents.
essentially，the arguments couldn’t be one side are those who say that the business will die if it doesn’t change. on the other are those who say it will die if it is highly dated. huge in its costs，tiny in its clientele and questionable in its influence，it still remains one of the great themes of parisian life.in his book, the fashion conspiracy, nicholas coleridge estimates that the entire couture industry rests on the whims(一时兴起)of less than 30 immensely wealthy women，and although the number may have grown in recent years with the new prosperity of asia, the number of couture customers worldwide is no more than 4.000.
to qualify as couture, a garment must be entirely handmade by one of the 11 paris couture houses registered to the chambre syndicale de la haute couture.each house must employ at least 20 people.and show a minimum of 75 new designs a year.so far,so traditional.but the big four operators――chanel，dior,givenchy and gaultier―increasingly use couture as a marketing device for their far more profitable ready―to―wear，fragrance and accessory lines.
第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意
1. the rules are too (rigid) to allow for human error.
a. inflexible
b. general
c. complex
d. direct
2. this species has nearly (died out) because its habitat is being destroyed.
a. turned dead
b. passed by
c. carried away
d. become extinct
3. the contract between the two companies will (expire) soon.
a. shorten
b. end
c. start
d. resume
4. three world-class tennis players came to (content) for this title.
a. argue
b. claim
c. wish
d. compete
5. the methods of communication used during the war were (primitive).
a. simple
b. reliable
c. effective
d. alternative
6. respect for life is a (cardinal) principle of the law.
a. moral
b. regular
c. fundamental
d. hard
7. the drinking water has became (contaminated) with lead.
a. polluted
b. treated
c. tested
d. corrupted
8. come out, or i’ll (bust) the door down.
a. shut
b. set
c. break
d. beat
9. she (shed) a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.
a. wiped
b. injected
c. produced
d. removed
10. they didn’t seem to appreciate the (magnitude) of the problem.
a. existence
b. importance
c. cause
d. situation
11. the tower remains (intact) ever after two hundred years.
a. unknown
b. unusual
c. undamaged
d. unstable
12. many experts remain (skeptical) about his claims.
a. doubtful
b. untouched
c. certain
d. silent
13. the proposal was (endorsed) the majority of members.
a. rejected
b. submitted
c. considered
d. approved
14. rumors began to (circulate) about his financial problems.
a. send
b. spread
c. hear
d. confirm
15. the police will need to keep a (wary) eye on this area of town.
a. naked
b. cautious
c. blind
d. private
第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择a;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择b;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择c。
mau piailug , ocean navigator
16. at the time of his voyage, mau had unique navigational skills.
a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned
17. mau was familiar with the sea around tahiti.
a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned
18. mau could not afford a compass or charts.
a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned
19. mau learnt navigation skills from his grandfather.
a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned
20. mau used stones to memories where the stars were situated in the sky.
a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned
21. the first inhabitants of hawaii could read and write.
a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned
22. mau expected his students to remember the positions of the stars immediately.
a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
traffic jams―no end in sight
1 traffic congestion(拥堵)affects people throughout the jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and developing world. in the u.s., commuters (通勤人员) spend an average of a full working week each year sitting in traffic jams, according to the texas transportation institute. while alternative ways of getting around are available, most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy.
2 the most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing，whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day.in theory, if the toll is high enough，some drivers will cancel{heir trips or go by bus or train.and in practice it seems to work：singapore，london and stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centres thanks to congestion pricing.
下面有1篇短文，短文后有5道题，请根据短文内�
Technology Transfer In Germany
When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation's vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable (令人羡慕的) record for turning ideas into profit.
Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create- sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies.
Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur (企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years. While this-debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany's research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.
Founded in 1949,. the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe's largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12, 000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.
41 What factor can be attributed to German prosperity?
A Technology transfer.
B Good management.
C Hard work.
D Fierce competition.
42 Which of the following is NOT true of traditional university research?
A It is free.
B It is profit-driven.
C It is widely available.
D It is curiosity-driven.
41.It can be inferred from the passage 1 that managers
A.were not qualified
B.disliked “suggestion boxes”
C.seldom obtained worker’s opinions
D.never consulted the labor force
42.In recent years, many management specialists have been arguing that workers
A.are no longer sellers of the products
B.are less affected by company decisions than before
C.are able to make final decisions for the company
D.should have a way in management of the company
43.The word “rank and file” paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A.ordinary
B.senior
C.intelligent
D.capable
44.According to the passage, what happened between 1980 and 1985?
A.Managers consulted workers before closing a plant.
B.Workers did not make necessary concessions
C.About five million workers were laid off without advance notice.
D.Many companies were closed because of strikes.
45.If not given a voice in managerial decision making workers
A.cannot get a share in the company’s profits
B.can still get bonuses for efficiency and productivity
C.may lack the incentive to increase their productivity
D.will not have the opportunity to purchase the plant.
c. female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
d. they may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
39. which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
a. they don’t run very quickly.
b. they defend their territory from other badgers.
c. they hunt over a very large area.
d. they are more aggressive than females.
40. what happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
a. they became less aggressive towards other creatures.
b. they lost interest in people.
c. they started eating more.
d. other animals started working with them.
第三篇
why so many children
in many of the developing countries in africa and asia, the population is growing fast. the reason for this is simple: women in these countries have a high birth rate---from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman. the majority of these women are poor, without the food or resources to care for their families. why do they have so many children? why don't they limit the size of their families? the answer may be that they often have no choice. there are several reasons for this.
one reason is economic. in a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age. in an industrial economy, the situation is different. many children do not help a family;instead, they are an expense. thus, industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. this was the case in italy, which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. in the early part of the twentieth century, italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. after world war ii, italy’s economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. by the end of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1.3 children per woman, the world's lowest.
however, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. saudi arabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. nevertheless, it also has a very high birth rate (7.0). mexico and indonesia, on the other hand, are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recently reduced their population growth.
clearly, other factors are involved. the most important of these is the condition of women. a high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women. this would explain the high birth rate of saudi arabia. there, the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. on the other hand, the improved condition of women in mexico, thailand, and indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.
another key factor in the birth rate is birth contro1. women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. in countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down. this is the case in singapore, sri lanka, and india, as well as in indonesia, thailand, mexico, and brazil. in these countries, women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.
these trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions. it can be effective if it aims to help women and meet their needs. only then, in fact, does it have any real chance of success.
41. in a traditional agricultural economy, a large family
a. can be an advantage.
b. may limit income.
c. isn't necessary.
d. is expensive.
42. when countries become industrialized,
a. families often become larger.
b. the birth rate generally goes down.
c. women usually decide not have a family.
d. the population generally grows rapidly.
43. according to this passage, italy today is an example of an
a. agricultural country with a high birth rate.
b. agricultural country with a low birth rate.
c. industrialized country with a low birth rate.
d. industrialized country with a high birth rate.
44. saudi arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that
a. the most important factor influencing birth rate is the economy.
b. factors other than the economy influence birth rate.
c. women who have a high income usually have few children.
d. the birth rate depends on per capita income.
5. in mexico, thailand, and indonesia, the government
1. Come out，or I’ll bust the door down. A shut B break C set D beat 2. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town. A naked B blind C cautious D private 3. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A general B inflexible C complex D direct 4. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already. A right B unbelievable C obvious D unclear 5. These animals migrate south annually in search of food. A explore B inhabit C prefer D travel 6. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. A send B hear C confirm D spread 7. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A found by chance B passed by C took a notice of D woke up 8. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post. A about B at C with D from 9. As a politician，he knows how to manipulate public opinion. A express B divide C influence D voice 10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A taught B kept
，
as if 是“好像……一样；仿佛”，例如：He treated me as if I were his son. 他待我如同待他的儿子一样。
4. the.4.3-magnitude quake:里氏4.3级地震
5. English Channel:英吉利海峡
6. Dover:多佛尔[英格兰东南部港口城市]
7. Channel Tunnel:海峡隧道。Channel Tunnel (常简称为Chunnel)是连接英法两国的海峡隧道。
8. Canterbury:坎特伯雷[英格兰东南部城市，中世纪时曾是宗教朝圣圣地]
9. it was getting heavier and heavier:爆裂声越来越响
10. Birmingham:伯明翰[英格兰中部城市]
11. the Richter scale:里氏震级表。美国地震学家 Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985)于1935年制定了地震震级表。
12. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.英国地质勘测所的科学家 Roger Musson 说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。
13. a matter of time:时间问题。又如： It's not a matter of money. 这个不是钱的问题。
练习：
1. During the April 28 earthquake，the whole England was left without power.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
3. It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured，but not seriously.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4. France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5. The country's strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1. B 题句说4月28日的地震致使全英格兰都停电，与短文第一段第一句表达的内容不符。短文说地震殃及英格兰东南部的肯特郡部分地区，电力中断，几千名居民无电可用。所以，题句是错误的，答案为B。
2. C 本题所说的意思是：地震发生后，海峡隧道关闭了10小时。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
3. A 题句的。意思是：地震中一个妇女的头部和颈部受了点轻伤。题句表达的意思与第一段最后一句表达的内容相符。所以选项A是答案。
4. C 题句表达的意思是：法国和其他几个欧洲国家派遣他们的医疗队去英国与当地的医生并肩工作。这一内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
5. B 题句所说的英国最强烈的地震于1580年发生在伦敦，这与短文表述的事实不符。短文第七段第一句明白无误地说，英国最强烈的地震于1931年发生在北海。题句表达的信息是错误的，故答案为B。
6. A 题句说Masson预言在英格兰东南部迟早将发生另一次地震。这一说法与短文最后一段第三句所表达的意思相符。所以答案是A。
7. A 短文第六段第一句说，全球每年发生强度为里氏4级左右的地震有几千次，但是这种中等强度的地震在英格兰很少发生。据此，读者可以容易地推断出，高震级的地震在英格兰就更少见了。
职称英语综合B押题
一、阅读判断
第8篇：What Is a Dream?(B级)
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.
Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that
something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
词汇：
psychologist n.心理学家 psychiatrist n.精神病学家(医生)
Austrian adj.奥地利的 gender n.性别
注释：
1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德。费洛伊德(1856-1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家，
职称英语综合B押题
，
精神分析学派的创始人。 著有《性学三论》《梦的`释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等
2.Carl Jung:卡尔。荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人
3.For example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。
练习：
1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6. Men and women dream about different things. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。.
2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。
3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣� 他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4.C文中没有提及。
When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as “shade grown” and “bird friendly.” Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.
B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.
C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.
D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.
32. The function of the word “Traditionally” in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.
A. the positive effects of coffee.
B. a change of coffee growth.
C. something that is the most important.
D. how coffee production used to be.
33.What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?
A. More insects.
B. Better quality coffee.
C. Larger farms.
D. Higher profits.
34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A. They buy more land from other farmers.
B. They cut down trees.
C. They move to another country.
D. They turn grassland into farmland.
35.The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____ full sun
A. insects.
B. air.
C. birds
D. humans